Weißflog, Marie Isabelle and Grigoryan, Lusine orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-1975 (2024) Gender Categorization and Stereotypes Beyond the Binary. Sex roles. pp. 19-41. ISSN 0360-0025
Abstract
Gender categorization and stereotyping can lead to discrimination. Researchers have mostly studied cisgender, gender-conforming individuals as the targets when examining these processes. In two factorial survey experiments, we investigated gender categorization and stereotyping of gender-ambiguous targets based on facial features and behavioral information. We manipulated femininity/masculinity/ambiguity of face, expression, and occupation. Participants completed a gender categorization task, and stereotype and attitude measures. The findings indicated that face was most influential for categorization: When face was unambiguously masculine or feminine, participants mostly categorized targets as male or female, respectively. In these cases, expression and occupation had little influence on categorization. When face was ambiguous, this additional information significantly influenced categorization. Nonbinary categorization was more likely for ambiguous faces, and most likely for ambiguous faces combined with ambiguous expression and ambiguous or feminine occupation. Our findings suggest that categorizing gender-ambiguous targets is more complex compared to clearly gendered targets. Primarily relying on face when it appears clearly gendered likely causes categorization errors when encountering TGNC individuals.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023. This is an author-produced version of the published paper. Uploaded in accordance with the University’s Research Publications and Open Access policy. |
Keywords: | Face categorization,Gender categorization,Gender diverse,Gender expression,Gender non-conformity,Gender nonbinary,Gender stereotypes,Gendered occupation,Social categorization,Stimulus ambiguity,TGNC,Transgender |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of York |
Academic Units: | The University of York > Faculty of Sciences (York) > Psychology (York) |
Depositing User: | Pure (York) |
Date Deposited: | 12 Dec 2023 11:10 |
Last Modified: | 02 Apr 2025 23:26 |
Published Version: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-023-01437-y |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1007/s11199-023-01437-y |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:206521 |
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