Carswell, C. orcid.org/0000-0003-3781-3286, Coventry, P.A. orcid.org/0000-0003-0625-3829, Brown, J.V.E. orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-5177 et al. (11 more authors) (2023) Development of a supported self-management intervention for people with severe mental illness and type 2 diabetes: theory and evidence-based co-design approach. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25. e43597. ISSN 1439-4456
Abstract
Background:
Type 2 diabetes is 2 to 3 times more common among people with severe mental illness (SMI). Self-management is crucial, with additional challenges faced by people with SMI. Therefore, it is essential that any diabetes self-management program for people with SMI addresses the unique needs of people living with both conditions and the inequalities they experience within health care services.
Objective:
We combined theory, empirical evidence, and co-design approaches to develop a type 2 diabetes self-management intervention for people with SMI.
Methods:
The development process encompassed 4 steps: step 1 involved prioritizing the mechanisms of action (MoAs) and behavior change techniques (BCTs) for the intervention. Using findings from primary qualitative research and systematic reviews, we selected candidate MoAs to target in the intervention and candidate BCTs to use. Expert stakeholders then ranked these MoAs and BCTs using a 2-phase survey. The average scores were used to generate a prioritized list of MoAs and BCTs. During step 2, we presented the survey results to an expert consensus workshop to seek expert agreement with the definitive list of MoAs and BCTs for the intervention and identify potential modes of delivery. Step 3 involved the development of trigger films using the evidence from steps 1 and 2. We used animations to present the experiences of people with SMI managing diabetes. These films were used in step 4, where we used a stakeholder co-design approach. This involved a series of structured workshops, where the co-design activities were informed by theory and evidence.
Results:
Upon the completion of the 4-step process, we developed the DIAMONDS (diabetes and mental illness, improving outcomes and self-management) intervention. It is a tailored self-management intervention based on the synthesis of the outputs from the co-design process. The intervention incorporates a digital app, a paper-based workbook, and one-to-one coaching designed to meet the needs of people with SMI and coexisting type 2 diabetes.
Conclusions:
The intervention development work was underpinned by the MoA theoretical framework and incorporated systematic reviews, primary qualitative research, expert stakeholder surveys, and evidence generated during co-design workshops. The intervention will now be tested for feasibility before undergoing a definitive evaluation in a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.
J Med Internet Res 2023;25:e43597
doi:10.2196/43597
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © Claire Carswell, Peter A Coventry, Jennifer V E Brown, Sarah L Alderson, Keith Double, Simon Gilbody, Richard I G Holt, Rowena Jacobs, Jennie Lister, David Osborn, David Shiers, Najma Siddiqi, Johanna Taylor, Ian Kellar, DIAMONDS Research Group. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | co-design; comorbidity; diabetes; intervention development; mental health; mobile phone; severe mental illness; Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Self-Management; Mental Disorders; Behavior Therapy; Health Behavior |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > Department of Psychology (Sheffield) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 30 Nov 2023 12:38 |
Last Modified: | 30 Nov 2023 12:38 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | JMIR Publications Inc. |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.2196/43597 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:205704 |