James, F. and Lorger, M. orcid.org/0000-0002-2943-2152 (2023) Immunotherapy in the context of immune-specialized environment of brain metastases. Discovery Immunology, 2 (1). kyad023. ISSN 2754-2483
Abstract
Brain metastases (BrM) develop in 20 to 40% of patients with advanced cancer. They mainly originate from lung cancer, melanoma, breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma, and are associated with a poor prognosis. While patients with BrM traditionally lack effective treatment options, immunotherapy is increasingly gaining in importance in this group of patients, with clinical trials in the past decade demonstrating efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint blockade in BrM originating from specific tumor types, foremost melanoma. The brain is an immune-specialized environment with several unique molecular, cellular, and anatomical features that affect immune responses, including those against tumors. In this review we discuss the potential role that some of these unique characteristics may play in the efficacy of immunotherapy, mainly focusing on the lymphatic drainage in the brain and the role of systemic anti-tumor immunity that develops due to the presence of concurrent extracranial disease in addition to BrM.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © The Author(s) 2023. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | brain metastases, immunotherapy, brain immune privilege |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Medicine and Health (Leeds) > School of Medicine (Leeds) > Leeds Institute of Medical Research (LIMR) > Division of Molecular Medicine |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number MRC (Medical Research Council) MR/V029843/1 MRC (Medical Research Council) MR/S002057/1 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 16 Nov 2023 10:11 |
Last Modified: | 09 Dec 2024 15:26 |
Status: | Published online |
Publisher: | Oxford University Press |
Identification Number: | 10.1093/discim/kyad023 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:205413 |