Sun, C., Barton, M., Pask, C.M. orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-5069 et al. (10 more authors) (Cover date: 15 October 2023) Droplet-based millifluidic synthesis of a proton-conducting sulfonate metal–organic framework. Chemical Engineering Journal, 474. 145892. ISSN 1385-8947
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidate materials for proton exchange membranes (PEMs), due to the control of proton transport enabled by functional groups and the structural order within the MOFs. In this work, we report a millifluidic approach for the synthesis of a MOF incorporating both sulfonate and amine groups, termed Cu-SAT, which exhibits a high proton conductivity. The fouling-free multiphase flow reactor synthesis was operated for more than 5 h with no reduction in yield or change in the particle size distribution, demonstrating a sustained space–time yield up to 131.7 kg m−3 day−1 with consistent particle quality. Reaction yield and particle size were controllably tuned by the adjustment of reaction parameters, such as residence/reaction time, temperature, and reagent concentration. The reaction yields from the flow reactor were 10–20% higher than those of corresponding batch syntheses, indicating improved mass and heat transfer in flow. A systematic exploration of synthetic parameters using a factorial design of experiments approach revealed the key correlations between the process parameters and yields and particle size distributions. The proton conductivity of the synthesized Cu-SAT MOF was evaluated in a mixed matrix membrane model PEM with polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinylidene fluoride polymers, exhibiting a promising composite conductivity of 1.34 ± 0.05 mS cm−1 at 353 K and 95% relative humidity (RH).
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
Keywords: | Metal–organic framework, Droplet-based Millifluidic Synthesis, Particle size control, Process model, Proton exchange membranes |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Chemistry (Leeds) > Inorganic Chemistry (Leeds) The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Chemical & Process Engineering (Leeds) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) EP/R018820/1 EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) EP/V028855/1 EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) EP/P00122X/1 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 04 Oct 2023 12:36 |
Last Modified: | 11 Sep 2024 14:58 |
Published Version: | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/... |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.cej.2023.145892 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:203802 |