Landscape-scale peatland rewetting benefits aquatic invertebrate communities

Many northern hemisphere peatlands have historically been drained, but restoration has sought to raise water tables to support peat-forming vegetation and enhance carbon sinks. In the UK alone, millions of new peatland ponds have been created but their biodiversity remains poorly studied and knowledge to guide conservation is lacking. This study advances understanding of aquatic invertebrate responses to peatland restoration from analyses of: (1) pond colonization and development up to 18 months after creation; (2) a pond chronosequence spanning 6 months to 15 years, and; (3) a comparison of restored versus naturally-formed ponds. Invertebrate communities established within 4 months of pond creation, but some initial colonisers were no longer found after 6 months. Diversity and abundance peaked at around 5 years then declined. Older pond environmental conditions and biodiversity were generally similar to natural ponds, highlighting restoration success for aquatic biodiversity gains. Co-ordinated, routine monitoring should be implemented to inform conservation approaches for these habitats and their biodiversity, particularly where other land management activities have the potential to impact aquatic systems.