Ben, L., Li, L., Harding, J.H. orcid.org/0000-0001-8429-3151 et al. (2 more authors) (2022) Tuning the electrical conductivity of Rare Earth-doped BaTiO3 using Gd2O3 as an exemplar. Open Ceramics, 9. 100250.
Abstract
The electrical properties of Gd-doped BaTiO3 ceramics prepared by various doping mechanisms have been investigated using Impedance Spectroscopy and correlated with the proposed doping mechanisms observed from phase diagram studies and with solution energies obtained from atomistic simulations. Undoped BaTiO3, BaTi1-xGdxO3-x/2, Ba1-y/2Ti1-y/2GdyO3 and Ba1-zGdzTi1-z/4O3 were prepared. The first two series and y < 0.10 samples possess extrinsic p-type conduction due to oxygen gain (oxidation) associated with the presence of oxygen vacancies. A core-shell microstructure causes electrical heterogeneity where y < 0.10. For y ≥ 0.10, oxygen vacancies are eliminated by substitution of a small excess of Gd3+ at the Ba-site leading to intrinsic (band-type) conduction. All Ba1-zGdzTi1-z/4O3 ceramics processed in air exhibit n-type semiconductivity that is attributed to a small amount of oxygen loss (reduction) during sintering. The oxygen loss can be prevented by processing ceramics in a flowing O2 atmosphere.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Ceramic Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
Keywords: | Barium titanate; Rare earth doping; Defect chemistry; Impedance spectroscopy |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Engineering (Sheffield) > Department of Materials Science and Engineering (Sheffield) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council EP/G005001/1; GR/S60037; EP/G005001 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 01 Apr 2022 10:42 |
Last Modified: | 01 Apr 2022 10:42 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier BV |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.oceram.2022.100250 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:185349 |