Graves, KA, Higgins, LJR orcid.org/0000-0001-5375-7902, Nahil, MA et al. (2 more authors) (2022) Structural comparison of multi-walled carbon nanotubes produced from polypropylene and polystyrene waste plastics. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 161. 105396. ISSN 0165-2370
Abstract
Polypropylene and polystyrene were processed in a pyrolysis/catalytic reactor with a Ni-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst to produce carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A high yield of catalyst carbon deposits were produced; 33.5 g 100 g−1 polypropylene and 29.5 g 100 g−1 polystyrene and consisted of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the Ni-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst suggested the active metal was a Ni-Fe alloy which was confirmed using X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES); extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis showed that the alloy was primarily FeNi2. Electron microscopy showed that the MWCNTs were entangled, several μm in length and ~50 nm in diameter comprising ~30 graphene layers. Optical Raman spectroscopy confirmed the carbons to be of high purity and crystallinity with polypropylene showing a higher degree of graphitisation and fewer defects compared to those produced from polystyrene. X-ray Raman scattering spectroscopy of the MWCNTS confirmed their graphitic carbon composition, but demonstrated poor alignment. Commercially produced MWCNTs showed a high degree of graphitisation, with less metal impurities and were of long length (several μm), straighter, smaller diameter (~10 nm) and with fewer number of graphene layers (~12) in the CNT wall compared with the plastic derived MWCNTs.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. This is an author produced version of an article published in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. |
Keywords: | Carbon nanotubes; Catalyst; Plastics; Pyrolysis; Waste |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Chemical & Process Engineering (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 14 Dec 2021 10:45 |
Last Modified: | 25 Nov 2022 01:13 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105396 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:181511 |
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