Vaughan, Adam R. orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-0719, Lee, James D. orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-2872, Metzger, Stefan et al. (7 more authors) (2021) Spatially and temporally resolved measurements of NOxfluxes by airborne eddy covariance over Greater London. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. pp. 15283-15298. ISSN 1680-7324
Abstract
Flux measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were made over London using airborne eddy covariance from a low-flying aircraft. Seven low-altitude flights were conducted over Greater London, performing multiple overpasses across the city during eight days in July 2014. NOx fluxes across the Greater London region (GLR) exhibited high heterogeneity and strong diurnal variability, with central areas responsible for the highest emission rates (20-30mgm-2h-1). Other high-emission areas included the M25 orbital motorway. The complexity of London's emission characteristics makes it challenging to pinpoint single emissions sources definitively using airborne measurements. Multiple sources, including road transport and residential, commercial and industrial combustion sources, are all likely to contribute to measured fluxes. Measured flux estimates were compared to scaled National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) estimates, accounting for monthly, daily and hourly variability. Significant differences were found between the flux-driven emissions and the NAEI estimates across Greater London, with measured values up to 2 times higher in Central London than those predicted by the inventory. To overcome the limitations of using the national inventory to contextualise measured fluxes, we used physics-guided flux data fusion to train environmental response functions (ERFs) between measured flux and environmental drivers (meteorological and surface). The aim was to generate time-of-day emission surfaces using calculated ERF relationships for the entire GLR; 98% spatial coverage was achieved across the GLR at 400m2 spatial resolution. All flight leg projections showed substantial heterogeneity across the domain, with high emissions emanating from Central London and major road infrastructure. The diurnal emission structure of the GLR was also investigated, through ERF, with the morning rush hour distinguished from lower emissions during the early afternoon. Overall, the integration of airborne fluxes with an ERF-driven strategy enabled the first independent generation of surface NOx emissions, at high resolution using an eddy-covariance approach, for an entire city region.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | Funding Information: Acknowledgements. We thank the UK Natural Environment Research Council for financial support and the staff of the NERC’s Airborne Research and Survey Facility for their enthusiasm and skill in performing our multiple low-level flights across London. The National Ecological Observatory Network is a program sponsored by the National Science Foundation and operated under co-operative agreement by Battelle. This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation through the NEON programme. Funding Information: Financial support. This research has been supported by the Natural © Author(s) 2021. |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of York |
Academic Units: | The University of York > Faculty of Sciences (York) > Chemistry (York) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL NE/J007382/1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL R8/H12/83/010 |
Depositing User: | Pure (York) |
Date Deposited: | 05 Nov 2021 16:50 |
Last Modified: | 21 Jan 2025 17:58 |
Published Version: | https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-15283-2021 |
Status: | Published |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.5194/acp-21-15283-2021 |
Related URLs: | |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:180091 |
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Description: Spatially and temporally resolved measurements of NOx fluxes by airborne eddy covariance over Greater London
Licence: CC-BY 2.5