Severe sleep restriction suppresses appetite independent of effects on appetite regulating hormones in healthy young men without obesity

Objective

Several nights of moderate (4–5 hr/night) sleep restriction increases appetite and energy intake, and may alter circulating concentrations of appetite regulating hormones. Whether more severe sleep restriction has similar effects is unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of severe, short-term sleep restriction on appetite, ad libitum energy intake during a single meal, appetite regulating hormones, and food preferences.

Methods

Randomized, crossover study in which 18 healthy men (mean ± SD: BMI 24.4 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 20 ± 2 yr) were assigned to three consecutive nights of sleep restriction (SR; 2 hr sleep opportunity/night) or adequate sleep (AS; 7–9 hr sleep opportunity/night) with controlled feeding and activity designed to maintain energy balance throughout the 3-day period. On day 4, participants consumed a standardized breakfast. Appetite, assessed by visual analogue scales, and circulating ghrelin, peptide-YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured before and every 20–60 min for 4hr after the meal. Ad libitum energy and macronutrient intakes were then measured at a provided buffet lunch. Food preferences were measured by Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ) administered before and after the lunch.

Results

Area under the curve (AUC) of postprandial hunger (-23%), desire to eat (-23%), and prospective consumption (-18%) ratings were all lower, and postprandial fullness AUC (25%) was higher after SR relative to after AS (p ≤ 0.02). Ad libitum energy intake at the lunch meal was 332 kcal [95% CI: -479, -185] (p<0.001) lower after SR relative to after AS, but relative macronutrient intakes and LFPQ scores did not differ. Postprandial glucose, insulin, PYY, GLP-1, and ghrelin AUCs did not differ between phases. However, mean concentrations of PYY (-11%) and GLP-1 (-4%) over the 4-hr testing period were lower, and glucose concentrations were 6% higher, after SR relative to after AS (p ≤ 0.01).

Conclusion

In contrast with reported effects of moderate sleep restriction, severe sleep restriction reduced appetite and energy intake, had no impact food preferences, and had little impact on appetite regulating hormones. Findings suggest that severe sleep restriction may suppress appetite and food intake, at least at a single meal, by a mechanism independent of changes in food preference or appetite regulating hormones.