Alrubei, S. orcid.org/0000-0002-0839-2147, Ball, E. and Rigelsford, J. (2022) The use of blockchain to support distributed AI implementation in IoT systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9 (16). pp. 14790-14802. ISSN 2372-2541
Abstract
This paper presents a distributed and decentralized architecture for the implementation of Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) using hardware platforms provided by the Internet of Things (IoT). A trained DAI system has been implemented over the IoT, where each IoT device acts as one or more of the neurons within the DAI layers. This is accomplished through the utilization of decentralized, self-managed blockchain technologies that allow trusted interactions and information to be exchanged between distributed neurons. The platform was built and customized to be used within the IoT system, and it is capable of handling DAI-related tasks. A new consensus mechanism based on Proof of Authority (PoA) and Proof of Work (PoW) has been designed and implemented, along with bespoke block and transaction formats. The proposed architecture was analyzed, implemented, and tested using a dedicated testbed with low-cost IoT devices. A quantitative measurement and performance evaluation of the system based on a real-world IoT application was conducted. The implemented DAI is found to have an accuracy of 92%-98%, with an energy cost of 0.12 joules (J) when utilizing a Raspberry Pi to run one neuron. The measured hash per joule (h/J) when using a Raspberry Pi for mining is 13.8Kh/J compared to 54Kh/J using an ESP32. The results showed that it is feasible to implement a DAI system utilizing the IoT hardware platform while maintaining the system’s accuracy. The integration of the blockchain has added an element of security and trust to the data and the interaction between system components.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users, including reprinting/ republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted components of this work in other works. Reproduced in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. |
Keywords: | Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI); Blockchain; IoT; Consensus Mechanisms; Performance Evaluation |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Engineering (Sheffield) > Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering (Sheffield) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 10 Mar 2021 13:55 |
Last Modified: | 19 Jun 2024 15:38 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1109/jiot.2021.3064176 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:172045 |