Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India

Abstract

Twenty-nine different fuel types used in residential dwellings in northern India were collected from across Delhi (76 samples in total). Emission factors of a wide range of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) (192 compounds in total) were measured during controlled burning experiments using dualchannel gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (DC-GC-FID), two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC-FID), proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and solid-phase extraction two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-offlight mass spectrometry (SPE-GC×GC-ToF-MS). On average, 94% speciation of total measured NMVOC emissions was achieved across all fuel types. The largest contributors to emissions from most fuel types were small non-aromatic oxygenated species, phenolics and furanics. The emission factors (in g kg-1) for total gas-phase NMVOCs were fuelwood (18.7, 4.3-96.7), cow dung cake (62.0, 35.3-83.0), crop residue (37.9, 8.9-73.8), charcoal (5.4, 2.4-7.9), sawdust (72.4, 28.6-115.5), municipal solid waste (87.3, 56.6- 119.1) and liquefied petroleum gas (5.7, 1.9-9.8). The emission factors measured in this study allow for better characterisation, evaluation and understanding of the air quality impacts of residential solid-fuel combustion in India.

Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Stewart, Gareth J. Acton, W. Joe F. Nelson, Beth S. Vaughan, Adam R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-0719 Hopkins, James R. Arya, Rahul Mondal, Arnab Jangirh, Ritu Ahlawat, Sakshi Yadav, Lokesh Sharma, Sudhir K. Dunmore, Rachel E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9114-1823 Yunus, Siti S.M. Nicholas Hewitt, C. Nemitz, Eiko Mullinger, Neil Gadi, Ranu Sahu, Lokesh K. Tripathi, Nidhi Rickard, Andrew R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2203-3471 Lee, James D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5397-2872 Mandal, Tuhin K. Hamilton, Jacqueline F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0975-4311
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	Funding Information: Acknowledgements. This work was supported by the Newton-Bhabha fund administered by the UK Natural Environment Research Council, through the DelhiFlux project of the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in an Indian Megacity (APHH-India) programme. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the UK Natural Environment Research Council and the Earth System Science Organization, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, under the Indo-UK Joint Collaboration (grant nos. NE/P016502/1 and MoES/16/19/2017/APHH) (DelhiFlux). Gareth J. Stewart and Beth S. Nelson acknowledge the NERC SPHERES doctoral training programme for studentships. Rahul Arya, Arnab Mondal, Ritu Jangirh, Sakshi Ahlawat, Lokesh Yadav, Sudhir K. Sharma and Tuhin K. Mandal are thankful to the Director’s Office, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, for allowing them to carry out this work. The authors thank the National Centre for Atmospheric Science for providing the DC-GC-FID instrument. Lokesh K. Sahu acknowledges the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad, India, for the support and permission to deploy PTR-ToF-MS during the experimental campaign. Funding Information: Financial support. This research has been supported by the Nat- Publisher Copyright: © Author(s) 2021.
Dates:	Accepted: 21 December 2020 Published: 18 February 2021
Institution:	The University of York
Academic Units:	The University of York > Faculty of Sciences (York) > Chemistry (York)
Funding Information:	Funder Grant number NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL UNSPECIFIED
Depositing User:	Pure (York)
Date Deposited:	08 Mar 2021 12:30
Last Modified:	09 Apr 2025 23:30
Published Version:	https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021
Status:	Published
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.5194/acp-21-2383-2021
Related URLs:	http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?...
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:171931

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Emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds from combustion of domestic fuels in Delhi, India

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