The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

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Abstract

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above 1.4×10−48cm2 for a WIMP mass of 40GeV/c2 and a 1000days exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented.

Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Akerib, DS Akerlof, CW Akimov, DY Alquahtani, A Alsum, SK Anderson, TJ Angelides, N Araújo, HM Arbuckle, A Armstrong, JE Arthurs, M Auyeung, H Aviles, S Bai, X Bailey, AJ Balajthy, J Balashov, S Bang, J Barry, MJ Bauer, D Bauer, P Baxter, A Belle, J Beltrame, P Bensinger, J Benson, T Bernard, EP Bernstein, A Bhatti, A Biekert, A Biesiadzinski, TP Birch, HJ Birrittella, B Boast, KE Bolozdynya, AI Boulton, EM Boxer, B Bramante, R Branson, S Brás, P Breidenbach, M Brew, CAJ Buckley, JH Bugaev, VV Bunker, R Burdin, S Busenitz, JK Cabrita, R Campbell, JS Carels, C Carlsmith, DL Carlson, B Carmona-Benitez, MC Cascella, M Chan, C Cherwinka, JJ Chiller, AA Chiller, C Chott, NI Cole, A Coleman, J Colling, D Conley, RA Cottle, A Coughlen, R Cox, G Craddock, WW Curran, D Currie, A Cutter, JE da Cunha, JP Dahl, CE Dardin, S Dasu, S Davis, J Davison, TJR de Viveiros, L Decheine, N Dobi, A Dobson, JEY Druszkiewicz, E Dushkin, A Edberg, TK Edwards, WR Edwards, BN Edwards, J Elnimr, MM Emmet, WT Eriksen, SR Faham, CH Fan, A Fayer, S Fiorucci, S Flaecher, H Florang, IMF Ford, P Francis, VB Fraser, ED Froborg, F Fruth, T Gaitskell, RJ Gantos, NJ Garcia, D Gehman, VM Gelfand, R Genovesi, J Gerhard, RM Ghag, C Gibson, E Gilchriese, MGD Gokhale, S Gomber, B Gonda, TG Greenall, A Greenwood, S Gregerson, G van der Grinten, MGD Gwilliam, CB Hall, CR Hamilton, D Hans, S Hanzel, K Harrington, T Harrison, A Harrison, J Hasselkus, C Haselschwardt, SJ Hemer, D Hertel, SA Heise, J Hillbrand, S Hitchcock, O Hjemfelt, C Hoff, MD Holbrook, B Holtom, E Hor, JY-K Horn, M Huang, DQ Hurteau, TW Ignarra, CM Irving, MN Jacobsen, RG Jahangir, O Jeffery, SN Ji, W Johnson, M Johnson, J Johnson, P Jones, WG Kaboth, AC Kamaha, A Kamdin, K Kasey, V Kazkaz, K Keefner, J Khaitan, D Khaleeq, M Khazov, A Khromov, AV Khurana, I Kim, YD Kim, WT Kocher, CD Kodroff, D Konovalov, AM Korley, L Korolkova, EV Koyuncu, M Kras, J Kraus, H Kravitz, SW Krebs, HJ Kreczko, L Krikler, B Kudryavtsev, VA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7018-5827 Kumpan, AV Kyre, S Lambert, AR Landerud, B Larsen, NA Laundrie, A Leason, EA Lee, HS Lee, J Lee, C Lenardo, BG Leonard, DS Leonard, R Lesko, KT Levy, C Li, J Liu, Y Liao, J Liao, F-T Lin, J Lindote, A Linehan, R Lippincott, WH Liu, R Liu, X Loniewski, C Lopes, MI Lopez-Asamar, E Paredes, BL Lorenzon, W Lucero, D Luitz, S Lyle, JM Lynch, C Majewski, PA Makkinje, J Malling, DC Manalaysay, A Manenti, L Mannino, RL Marangou, N Markley, DJ MarrLaundrie, P Martin, TJ Marzioni, MF Maupin, C McConnell, CT McKinsey, DN McLaughlin, J Mei, D-M Meng, Y Miller, EH Minaker, ZJ Mizrachi, E Mock, J Molash, D Monte, A Monzani, ME Morad, JA Morrison, E Mount, BJ Murphy, ASJ Naim, D Naylor, A Nedlik, C Nehrkorn, C Nelson, HN Nesbit, J Neves, F Nikkel, JA Nikoleyczik, JA Nilima, A O’Dell, J Oh, H O’Neill, FG O’Sullivan, K Olcina, I Olevitch, MA Oliver-Mallory, KC Oxborough, L Pagac, A Pagenkopf, D Pal, S Palladino, KJ Palmaccio, VM Palmer, J Pangilinan, M Parveen, N Patton, SJ Pease, EK Penning, BP Pereira, G Pereira, C Peterson, IB Piepke, A Pierson, S Powell, S Preece, RM Pushkin, K Qie, Y Racine, M Ratcliff, BN Reichenbacher, J Reichhart, L Rhyne, CA Richards, A Riffard, Q Rischbieter, GRC Rodrigues, JP Rose, HJ Rosero, R Rossiter, P Rucinski, R Rutherford, G Saba, JS Sabarots, L Santone, D Sarychev, M Sazzad, ABMR Schnee, RW Schubnell, M Scovell, PR Severson, M Seymour, D Shaw, S Shutt, GW Shutt, TA Silk, JJ Silva, C Skarpaas, K Skulski, W Smith, AR Smith, RJ Smith, RE So, J Solmaz, M Solovov, VN Sorensen, P Sosnovtsev, VV Stancu, I Stark, MR Stephenson, S Stern, N Stevens, A Stiegler, TM Stifter, K Studley, R Sumner, TJ Sundarnath, K Sutcliffe, P Swanson, N Szydagis, M Tan, M Taylor, WC Taylor, R Taylor, DJ Temples, D Tennyson, BP Terman, PA Thomas, KJ Thomson, JA Tiedt, DR Timalsina, M To, WH Tomás, A Tope, TE Tripathi, M Tronstad, DR Tull, CE Turner, W Tvrznikova, L Utes, M Utku, U Uvarov, S Va’vra, J Vacheret, A Vaitkus, A Verbus, JR Vietanen, T Voirin, E Vuosalo, CO Walcott, S Waldron, WL Walker, K Wang, JJ Wang, R Wang, L Wang, W Wang, Y Watson, JR Migneault, J Weatherly, S Webb, RC Wei, W-Z While, M White, RG White, JT White, DT Whitis, TJ Wisniewski, WJ Wilson, K Witherell, MS Wolfs, FLH Wolfs, JD Woodward, D Worm, SD Xiang, X Xiao, Q Xu, J Yeh, M Yin, J Young, I Zhang, C Zarzhitsky, P
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Keywords:	physics.ins-det; physics.ins-det; hep-ex
Dates:	Accepted: 29 August 2020 Published (online): 10 November 2020 Published: November 2020
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > Department of Physics and Astronomy (Sheffield)
Funding Information:	Funder Grant number SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL ST/M003469/1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL ST/N001141/1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL ST/N000277/1 Science and Technology Facilities Council ST/N000277/1 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FACILITIES COUNCIL ST/P00573X/1
Depositing User:	Symplectic Sheffield
Date Deposited:	27 Nov 2020 13:32
Last Modified:	01 Nov 2022 12:07
Status:	Published
Publisher:	Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8420-x
Related URLs:	arXiv URL Erratum/Corrigendum
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:168492

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The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs. (deposited 01 Nov 2022 12:05)
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