Kaleefathullah, AA, Merat, N orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-9948, Lee, YM orcid.org/0000-0003-3601-4191 et al. (4 more authors) (2022) External Human–Machine Interfaces Can Be Misleading: An Examination of Trust Development and Misuse in a CAVE-Based Pedestrian Simulation Environment. Human Factors, 64 (6). pp. 1070-1085. ISSN 0018-7208
Abstract
Objective
To investigate pedestrians’ misuse of an automated vehicle (AV) equipped with an external human–machine interface (eHMI). Misuse occurs when a pedestrian enters the road because of uncritically following the eHMI’s message.
Background
Human factors research indicates that automation misuse is a concern. However, there is no consensus regarding misuse of eHMIs.
Methods
Sixty participants each experienced 50 crossing trials in a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) simulator. The three independent variables were as follows: (1) behavior of the approaching AV (within-subject: yielding at 33 or 43 m distance, no yielding), (2) eHMI presence (within-subject: eHMI on upon yielding, off), and (3) eHMI onset timing (between-subjects: eHMI turned on 1 s before or 1 s after the vehicle started to decelerate). Two failure trials were included where the eHMI turned on, yet the AV did not yield. Dependent measures were the moment of entering the road and perceived risk, comprehension, and trust.
Results
Trust was higher with eHMI than without, and the −1 Group crossed earlier than the +1 Group. In the failure trials, perceived risk increased to high levels, whereas trust and comprehension decreased. Thirty-five percent of the participants in the −1 and +1 Groups walked onto the road when the eHMI failed for the first time, but there were no significant differences between the two groups.
Conclusion
eHMIs that provide anticipatory information stimulate early crossing. eHMIs may cause people to over-rely on the eHMI and under-rely on the vehicle-intrinsic cues.
Application
eHMI have adverse consequences, and education of eHMI capability is required.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2020, The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). |
Keywords: | automated driving, pedestrians, external human–machine interfaces, trust, misuse, risk perception |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > Institute for Transport Studies (Leeds) > ITS: Safety and Technology (Leeds) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number EU - European Union 723395 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 02 Oct 2020 12:27 |
Last Modified: | 27 Jan 2023 22:16 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | SAGE |
Identification Number: | 10.1177/0018720820970751 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:166213 |