Alhazmi, N., Pineda, E., Rawle, J. et al. (2 more authors) (2020) Perovskite crystallization dynamics during spin-casting : an In situ wide-angle x-ray scattering study. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 3 (7). pp. 6155-6164. ISSN 2574-0962
Abstract
In situ wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) has been measured during the spin coating process used to make the precursor films required for the formation of thin films of perovskite. A customized hollow axis spin coater was developed to permit the scattered X-rays to be collected in transmission geometry during the deposition process. Spin coating is the technique most commonly used in laboratories to make thin perovskite films. The dynamics of spin-casting MAPbI3–xClx and FAPbI3–xClx films have been investigated and compared to investigate the differences between the dynamics of MAPbI3–xClx and FAPbI3–xClx film formation. In particular, we focus on the crystallization dynamics of the precursor film formation. When casting MAPbI3–xClx, we observed relatively fast 1D crystallization of the intermediate product MA2PbI3Cl. There was an absence of the desired perovskite phase formed directly; it only appeared after an annealing step that converted the MA2PbI3Cl to MAPbI3. In contrast, slower crystallization via a 3D precursor was observed for FAPbI3–xClx film formation compared to MAPbI3–xClx. Another important finding was that some FAPbI3–xClx perovskite was generated directly during spin-casting before annealing. These findings indicate that there are significant differences between the crystallization pathways for these two perovskite materials. These are likely to explain the differences in the lifetimes of the resulting perovskite solar cell devices produced using FA and MA cations.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2020 American Chemical Society. This is an open access article published under a Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the author and source are cited. |
Keywords: | perovskite; wide-angle X-ray scattering; crystallization; spin coating; dynamics |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Sheffield |
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Engineering (Sheffield) > Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering (Sheffield) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number Engineering and Physical Science Research Council EP/M025020/1 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield |
Date Deposited: | 28 Jul 2020 13:27 |
Last Modified: | 28 Jul 2020 16:36 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | American Chemical Society (ACS) |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1021/acsaem.9b02470 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:163831 |