Hayiou-Thomas, Emma orcid.org/0000-0003-1163-2671, Smith-Woolley, Emily and Dale, Philip S. (2020) Breadth versus depth:cumulative risk model and continuous measure prediction of poor language and reading outcomes at 12. Developmental Science. e12998. ISSN 1363-755X
Abstract
This study examines whether, and how, multiple risks in early childhood are associated with an increased likelihood of a poor language or literacy outcome in early adolescence. Using data from 210 participants in the longitudinal Twins Early Developmental Study, we focus on the following risk factors at age four: family risk, and poor language, speech, emergent literacy and nonverbal skills. The outcomes of interest at age 12 are language, reading fluency, and reading comprehension. We contrast a ‘cumulative risk’ model, counting the presence or absence of each risk factor (breadth), with a model that also considers the severity of the early deficits (depth). A ‘cumulative risk index’ correlated modestly but significantly with outcome (r = .32-.40). Odds ratios confirmed that having many risk factors (3-6) confers a higher probability of a poor outcome (OR 7.86-17.71) than having one or two (OR 3.65-7.28). Logistic regression models showed that predictive validity is not improved by including information about the severity of each deficit. Even with rich information on children’s risk status at age 4, we can make only a moderately accurate prediction of the likelihood of a language or literacy disorder eight years later (Area Under the Curve = .74-.84; Positive Predictive Value = .33-.55, Negative Predictive Value = .86-.91). Taken together, and consistent with the idea of ‘cumulative risk’, these results suggest that breadth of risk is a core predictor of outcome, and furthermore that severity of early deficits does not add significantly to this prediction.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2020 The Authors |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of York |
Academic Units: | The University of York > Faculty of Sciences (York) > Psychology (York) |
Depositing User: | Pure (York) |
Date Deposited: | 20 May 2020 08:20 |
Last Modified: | 16 Oct 2024 16:37 |
Published Version: | https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12998 |
Status: | Published online |
Refereed: | Yes |
Identification Number: | 10.1111/desc.12998 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:160974 |
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Description: Breadth versus depth: Cumulative risk model and continuous measure prediction of poor language and reading outcomes at 12
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