Emissions from the combustion of torrefied and raw biomass fuels in a domestic heating stove

Biomass (pellets, briquettes, logs) are a key contributor to many countries' strategies for decarbonising heat, particularly in domestic applications. The emissions from these small devices can be high and severely impact air quality, but their levels depend on the design, control, abatement and fuel options. This paper is concerned with the last case. A comparative study shows the emissions from a domestic wood stove for three biomass fuels and their torrefied counterparts. The fuels were burned in a multi-fuel stove along with two reload batches creating continuous combustion cycles: the initial cold start data is presented but not included in averaging and calculation of emission factors. Measurements were made using an FTIR instrument for carbon and nitrogen based gaseous emissions, particulates were measured using a smoke meter with micro-quartz filters as well as a size-selective impactor to obtain the particle size distribution. Particulate emissions were significantly reduced from the torrefied fuels and this is thought to be related to their pyrolysis fingerprint, which was investigated by pyrolysis-GC–MS. NOx was slightly reduced, despite increased fuel-N after torrefaction. In addition, the reduced moisture in the torrefied fuels decreases emissions of CO and CH4 because of increased time of flaming combustion.