An endemic microphytoplankton assemblage from Middle Devonian Iberia and its paleogeographical significance

Diverse microphytoplankton assemblages, including 72 taxa belonging to 27 genera of acritarchs and prasinophyte phycomata, have been recovered from Middle Devonian rocks in northern Spain, revealing an endemic flora dissimilar to coeval assemblages. These deposits are of early Givetian age and consist of the laterally equivalent Naranco, Huergas and Gustalapiedra formations of Asturias, León and Palencia provinces. At the time, Iberia was part of the Armorican Terrane Assemblage, a comparatively isolated island chain positioned between Laurussia and Gondwana. The studied formations represent a marine transect across a nearshore–offshore gradient and consist of a large clastic unit sandwiched between extensive carbonate deposits. This clastic unit incorporates the Kačák Event, an important global extinction event associated with marine anoxia. Herein, the suite of generally well-preserved microphytoplankton assemblages is described and their stratigraphical and biogeographical importance are considered. The microphytoplankton represents a single assemblage deposited in a short interval and is interpreted as being endemic. The assemblage is only moderately similar to contemporary assemblages from Laurussia and Gondwana and, although certain characteristic Middle Devonian taxa are present, other common species such as Arkonites bilixus and Tyligmasoma alargada are absent. While no unique taxa are found here, the taxa which are present represent a particular combination of species not seen elsewhere. Certain taxa appear which may have discordant temporal ranges, though no major inferences can be made from them as only two taxa both occur in significant numbers and have a confident identification. This assemblage adds to our knowledge of phytoplankton paleobiogeography, representing a significantly endemic assemblage within the generally cosmopolitan microphytoplankton flora of the Middle Devonian.