York, G orcid.org/0000-0002-6645-8343 and Chakrabarty, S orcid.org/0000-0002-4389-8290 (2019) A survey on foot drop and functional electrical stimulation. International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications, 3 (1). pp. 4-10. ISSN 2366-5971
Abstract
The weakness of the lower leg muscles due to nerve damage or muscle weakness can result in foot drop, a change in gait that manifests as an inability to lift the toes of the foot when walking. Foot drop results in a decreased quality of life, with unassisted movement becoming difficult or impossible. The increased risk of falls is particularly problematic as foot drop often affects the elderly or infirm for whom falling already presents a great danger. Current treatment options include fixed ankle–foot orthosis (AFO) aiming to provide rigid support to the foot if the impairment is mild or surgical intervention and functional electrical stimulation (FES) devices if the weakness is more severe. FES intervention is effective for providing a non-invasive treatment in even severe cases of foot drop. Limitations of current models relate to the non-naturalistic recreation of gait in the affected leg and its unsuitability for patients with extensive peripheral nerve damage. Although there are attempts to enhance integration of sensory information and mimic natural stimulation patterns, the focus on restoring a natural feedback loop is still amiss. Without such a closed loop feedback, restoration of a natural gait pattern is unlikely to occur. We here recommend, integration of motor output from multiple muscles, information about the inputs from higher-order controllers, recorded from the intact leg with a closed loop system to improve the effectiveness of FES.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © The Author(s) 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.. This is an author produced version of a paper published in International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. |
Keywords: | Foot drop; Motor control; Ankle–foot orthosis; Functional electrical stimulation |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Biological Sciences (Leeds) > School of Biomedical Sciences (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 21 Mar 2019 11:08 |
Last Modified: | 02 Apr 2019 09:22 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Springer Singapore |
Identification Number: | 10.1007/s41315-019-00088-1 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:143908 |
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