Merat, N orcid.org/0000-0003-4140-9948, Seppelt, B, Louw, T orcid.org/0000-0001-6577-6369 et al. (13 more authors) (2019) The “Out-of-the-Loop” concept in automated driving: proposed definition, measures and implications. Cognition, Technology and Work, 21 (1). pp. 87-98. ISSN 1435-5558
Abstract
Despite an abundant use of the term “Out of the loop” (OOTL) in the context of automated driving and human factors research, there is currently a lack of consensus on its precise definition, how it can be measured, and the practical implications of being in or out of the loop during automated driving. The main objective of this paper is to consider the above issues, with the goal of achieving a shared understanding of the OOTL concept between academics and practitioners. To this end, the paper reviews existing definitions of OOTL and outlines a set of concepts, which, based on the human factors and driver behaviour literature, could serve as the basis for a commonly-agreed definition. Following a series of working group meetings between representatives from academia, research institutions and industrial partners across Europe, North America, and Japan, we suggest a precise definition of being in, out, and on the loop in the driving context. These definitions are linked directly to whether or not the driver is in physical control of the vehicle, and also the degree of situation monitoring required and afforded by the driver. A consideration of how this definition can be operationalized and measured in empirical studies is then provided, and the paper concludes with a short overview of the implications of this definition for the development of automated driving functions.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © The Author(s) 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. |
Keywords: | Out of the Loop; Automated driving; Autonomous; Driver behaviour; Human factors |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > Institute for Transport Studies (Leeds) > ITS: Safety and Technology (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 18 Dec 2018 15:05 |
Last Modified: | 25 Jun 2023 21:38 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Springer Verlag |
Identification Number: | 10.1007/s10111-018-0525-8 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:140118 |
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