Sex-biased breeding dispersal is predicted by social environment in birds

Sex- biased dispersal is common in vertebrates, although the ecological and evolu-tionary causes of sex differences in dispersal are debated. Here, we investigate sex differences in both natal and breeding dispersal distances using a large dataset on birds including 86 species from 41 families. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, we investigate whether sex- biased natal and breeding dispersal are associated with sexual selection, parental sex roles, adult sex ratio (ASR), or adult mortality. We show that neither the intensity of sexual selection, nor the extent of sex bias in parental care was associated with sex- biased natal or breeding dispersal. However, breeding dispersal was related to the social environment since male-biased ASRs were associ-ated with female-biased breeding dispersal. Male-biased ASRs were associated withfemale- biased breeding dispersal. Sex bias in adult mortality was not consistently related to sex- biased breeding dispersal. These results may indicate that the rare sex has a stronger tendency to disperse in order to find new mating opportunities. Alternatively, higher mortality of the more dispersive sex could account for biased ASRs, although our results do not give a strong support to this explanation. Whichever is the case, our findings improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of sex- biased dispersal. Since the direction of causality is not yet known, we call for future studies to identify the causal relationships linking mortality, dispersal, and ASR.