Kovács, T, Plane, JMC orcid.org/0000-0003-3648-6893, Feng, W orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-9120 et al. (7 more authors) (2016) D-region ion–neutral coupled chemistry (Sodankylä Ion Chemistry, SIC) within the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM 4) – WACCM-SIC and WACCM-rSIC. Geoscientific Model Development, 9 (9). pp. 3123-3136. ISSN 1991-959X
Abstract
This study presents a new ion–neutral chemical model coupled into the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The ionospheric D-region (altitudes ∼ 50–90 km) chemistry is based on the Sodankylä Ion Chemistry (SIC) model, a one-dimensional model containing 307 ion–neutral and ion recombination, 16 photodissociation and 7 photoionization reactions of neutral species, positive and negative ions, and electrons. The SIC mechanism was reduced using the simulation error minimization connectivity method (SEM-CM) to produce a reaction scheme of 181 ion–molecule reactions of 181 ion–molecule reactions of 27 positive and 18 negative ions. This scheme describes the concentration profiles at altitudes between 20 km and 120 km of a set of major neutral species (HNO3, O3, H2O2, NO, NO2, HO2, OH, N2O5) and ions (O2+, O4+, NO+, NO+(H2O), O2+(H2O), H+(H2O), H+(H2O)2, H+(H2O)3, H+(H2O)4, O3−, NO2−, O−, O2, OH−, O2−(H2O), O2−(H2O)2, O4−, CO3−, CO3−(H2O), CO4−, HCO3−, NO2−, NO3−, NO3−(H2O), NO3−(H2O)2, NO3−(HNO3), NO3−(HNO3)2, Cl−, ClO−), which agree with the full SIC mechanism within a 5 % tolerance. Four 3-D model simulations were then performed, using the impact of the January 2005 solar proton event (SPE) on D-region HOx and NOx chemistry as a test case of four different model versions: the standard WACCM (no negative ions and a very limited set of positive ions); WACCM-SIC (standard WACCM with the full SIC chemistry of positive and negative ions); WACCM-D (standard WACCM with a heuristic reduction of the SIC chemistry, recently used to examine HNO3 formation following an SPE); and WACCM-rSIC (standard WACCM with a reduction of SIC chemistry using the SEM-CM method). The standard WACCM misses the HNO3 enhancement during the SPE, while the full and reduced model versions predict significant NOx, HOx and HNO3 enhancements in the mesosphere during solar proton events. The SEM-CM reduction also identifies the important ion–molecule reactions that affect the partitioning of odd nitrogen (NOx), odd hydrogen (HOx) and O3 in the stratosphere and mesosphere.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Chemistry (Leeds) > Physical Chemistry (Leeds) The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Physics and Astronomy (Leeds) > Astrophysics (Leeds) The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > School of Earth and Environment (Leeds) > Inst for Climate & Atmos Science (ICAS) (Leeds) The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > School of Earth and Environment (Leeds) > National Centre for Atmos Science (NCAS) (Leeds) |
Funding Information: | Funder Grant number Royal Society WM150018 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/N015657/1 EU - European Union 603557 STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council) ST/L000628/1 EU - European Union 291332 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) No External Reference NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) No External Reference NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/K002244/1 Centre for Earth Observation Instrumentation 4600 STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council) ST/M007197/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) no ext. ref. NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) No External Ref NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NCAS 15/16 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/J02449X/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/J008621/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/J008621/1 UK Space Agency RP10G0327C11/B11 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/L01243X/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/F005806/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/F005806/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/K001280/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/J008621/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NCEO READING Leverhulme Trust F/00 122/BB NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/G019487/1 European Space Agency 4000104980/11/I-LG EU - European Union 226224 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/D003563/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/H003843/1 Royal Astronomical Society . EU - European Union 036677 European Office of Aerospace Research and Development FA8655-10-1-3045 European Space Agency N/A NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/F004575/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/D006287/1 European Office of Aerospace Research and Development 093015 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/D002060/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/E004059/1 Royal Society TG101145 - 2010/R2 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/E005659/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NCAS AGREEMENT NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/D00361X/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/D01395X/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/C001915/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) R8/H10/36 EU - European Union GOCE-CT-2004-505390 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/C003969/1 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/B00015X/2 Royal Society 2007/R4 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/D006562/1 Royal Society 2005/R2 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NER/A/S/2003/00410 European Space Agency 16530/02/NL/MM Royal Society 2006/R1 EU - European Union EVK2-CT-2001-00129 EU - European Union EVK2-CT-2001-00097 EU - European Union EVK2-CT-2000-00059 NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) NE/J02077X/1 |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 15 Sep 2016 10:11 |
Last Modified: | 21 Feb 2022 15:01 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Copernicus Publications |
Identification Number: | 10.5194/gmd-9-3123-2016 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:104708 |