Gardy, J, Hassanpour, A orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-1506, Lai, X et al. (1 more author) (2016) Synthesis of Ti(SO4)O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil. Applied Catalysis A: General, 527. pp. 81-95. ISSN 0926-860X
Abstract
A novel solid acid nano-catalyst [Ti(SO4)O] was synthesised and used for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of free fatty acids in used cooking oil (UCO) to produce biodiesel. The synthesised nano-catalyst was fully characterized by different analytical techniques. The XPS results clearly confirmed that the bidentate sulphate coordinated to the Ti4+ metal in the nano-catalyst product. Obtained d-spacing values from the experimental data of XRD peaks and the SAED pattern of produced nano-catalyst agreed well with the d-spacing values from the JCPDS-ICDD card numbers 04-011-4951 for titanium sulphate oxide or titanium oxysulfate crystal structures.This confirms the sulphate groups were within the crystalline structure rather than on the surface of titania nanoparticles, which has not been previously reported. It has been demonstrated 97.1% yield for the fatty acid methyl ester can be achieved usign the synthetised catalyst under a reaction time of 3 h, catalyst to UCO ration of 1.5 wt% and methanol to UCO ratio of 9:1 at 75 °C reaction temperature. The nano-catalyst showed a good catalytic activity for the feedstock containing ≤6 wt% free fatty acid. Furthermore, the catalytic activity and re-usability of the Ti(SO4)O for the esterification/transesterification of UCO were investigated. XRD results confirmed that the amount of View the MathML source species in the solid acid nano-catalyst slowly decreased with re-use after 8 cycles under optimised conditions, which is higher than the reusability of other functionalised titania reported in the literature. Finally, the biodiesel prodcued from this process satisfied the ASTM and European Norm standards.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
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Authors/Creators: |
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2016, Elsevier. This is an author produced version of a paper published in Applied Catalysis A: General. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. |
Keywords: | Titanium sulphate oxide or titanium oxysulfate; solid acid catalyst; esterification & transesterification process; used cooking oil; nano-catalyst; biodiesel. |
Dates: |
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Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences (Leeds) > School of Chemical & Process Engineering (Leeds) > Institute for Particle Science and Engineering (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 07 Sep 2016 11:23 |
Last Modified: | 05 Nov 2017 16:34 |
Published Version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2016.08.031 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Elsevier |
Identification Number: | 10.1016/j.apcata.2016.08.031 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:104400 |