Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow

Abstract

Large volcanic eruptions on Earth commonly occur with a collapse of the roof of a crustal magma reservoir, forming a caldera. Only a few such collapses occur per century, and the lack of detailed observations has obscured insight into the mechanical interplay between collapse and eruption.We usemultiparameter geophysical and geochemical data to show that the 110-squarekilometer and 65-meter-deep collapse of Bárdarbunga caldera in 2014-2015 was initiated through withdrawal of magma, and lateral migration through a 48-kilometers-long dike, from a 12-kilometers deep reservoir. Interaction between the pressure exerted by the subsiding reservoir roof and the physical properties of the subsurface flow path explain the gradual, nearexponential decline of both collapse rate and the intensity of the 180-day-long eruption.

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Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Gudmundsson, MT Jónsdóttir, K Hooper, A https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4244-6652 Holohan, EP Halldórsson, SA Ófeigsson, BG Cesca, S Vogfjörd, KS Sigmundsson, F Högnadóttir, T Einarsson, P Sigmarsson, O Jarosch, AH Jónasson, K Magnússon, E Hreinsdóttir, S Bagnardi, M https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-0944 Parks, MM Hjörleifsdóttir, V Pálsson, F Walter, TR Schöpfer, MPJ Heimann, S Reynolds, HI Dumont, S Bali, E Gudfinnsson, GH Dahm, T Roberts, MJ Hensch, M Belart, JMC Spaans, K Jakobsson, S Gudmundsson, GB Fridriksdóttir, HM Drouin, V Dürig, T Adalgeirsdóttir, G Riishuus, MS Pedersen, GBM Van Boeckel, T Oddsson, B Pfeffer, MA Barsotti, S Bergsson, B Donovan, A Burton, MR Aiuppa, A
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science. This is the author’s version of the work. It is posted here by permission of the AAAS for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Science, vol. 353 on 15 July 2016, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8988
Dates:	Published: 15 July 2016 Published (online): 15 July 2016 Accepted: 20 June 2016
Institution:	The University of Leeds
Academic Units:	The University of Leeds > Faculty of Environment (Leeds) > School of Earth and Environment (Leeds) > Inst of Geophysics and Tectonics (IGT) (Leeds)
Depositing User:	Symplectic Publications
Date Deposited:	29 Jul 2016 15:46
Last Modified:	25 Jan 2021 15:40
Published Version:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf8988
Status:	Published
Publisher:	American Association for the Advancement of Science
Identification Number:	10.1126/science.aaf8988
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:103058

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Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow

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