Space, people, activity and time: a theoretical model for understanding children's outdoor play with specific reference to the historical protected central areas of Beijing, China

Aiming to document children's daily outdoor play experiences in a rapidly developing urban environment, this research is based on a case study involving children living in the central Shichahai area in Beijing to provide an understanding from the scarce Chinese perspective. Based on the development of the SPIT model, this study proposes the SPAT model and investigates its subject from dimensions of space, people, activities and time. This study employs a qualitative triangulation approach to investigating childhood experience, using data collection methods including interviews, observations and diaries. This data record the children's outdoor play experience and its analysis addresses the lack of knowledge and understanding of childhood play experience in Chinese cities. The factors which have a profound influence on children's play experience in a developing urban contexts are discussed and interpreted in terms of a range of factors which have influenced the transformation of the urban environment, including economic development, policy implications and cultural traditions. Based on the insights from this evidence, this study offers recommendations that the SPAT model provides a mechanism for exploring children and their experiences of outdoor environments in different contexts which has a strong adaptation to various contexts.