Moore, S.C. orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-2806, Kronsteiner, B., Longet, S. et al. (61 more authors) (2023) Evolution of long-term vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity in healthcare workers after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens. Med, 4 (3). 191-215.e9. ISSN 2666-6340
Abstract
Background Both infection and vaccination, alone or in combination, generate antibody and T cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the maintenance of such responses—and hence protection from disease—requires careful characterization. In a large prospective study of UK healthcare workers (HCWs) (Protective Immunity from T Cells in Healthcare Workers [PITCH], within the larger SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation [SIREN] study), we previously observed that prior infection strongly affected subsequent cellular and humoral immunity induced after long and short dosing intervals of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccination.
Methods Here, we report longer follow-up of 684 HCWs in this cohort over 6–9 months following two doses of BNT162b2 or AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccination and up to 6 months following a subsequent mRNA booster vaccination.
Findings We make three observations: first, the dynamics of humoral and cellular responses differ; binding and neutralizing antibodies declined, whereas T and memory B cell responses were maintained after the second vaccine dose. Second, vaccine boosting restored immunoglobulin (Ig) G levels; broadened neutralizing activity against variants of concern, including Omicron BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5; and boosted T cell responses above the 6-month level after dose 2. Third, prior infection maintained its impact driving larger and broader T cell responses compared with never-infected people, a feature maintained until 6 months after the third dose.
Conclusions Broadly cross-reactive T cell responses are well maintained over time—especially in those with combined vaccine and infection-induced immunity (“hybrid” immunity)—and may contribute to continued protection against severe disease.
Funding Department for Health and Social Care, Medical Research Council.
Metadata
Authors/Creators: |
|
||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc. | ||||||||||
Keywords: | SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; COVID vaccine; T cells; antibody; immunity | ||||||||||
Dates: |
|
||||||||||
Institution: | The University of Sheffield | ||||||||||
Academic Units: | The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health (Sheffield) > Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease | ||||||||||
Funding Information: |
|
||||||||||
Depositing User: | Symplectic Sheffield | ||||||||||
Date Deposited: | 05 May 2023 10:37 | ||||||||||
Last Modified: | 05 May 2023 10:37 | ||||||||||
Status: | Published | ||||||||||
Publisher: | Elsevier BV | ||||||||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||||||||
Identification Number: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2023.02.004 | ||||||||||
Related URLs: |