A written word is worth a thousand spoken words : the influence of spelling on spoken-word production

The present study investigated the role of spelling in phonological variant processing. Participants learned the auditory forms of potential reduced variants of novel French words (e.g., /pluR/) and their associations with pictures of novel objects over 4 days. After the fourth day of training, the spelling of each novel word was presented once. Half the words were spelled with an orthographic representation of the schwa ( i.e., "e"), half were not. In the subsequent naming tasks, participants produced more schwa variants for novel words whose spelling contained an "e". In addition, reduced variants with an "e" in spelling and an onset cluster attested word-internally in non-schwa words were produced with longer latencies than the same items whose spelling did not contain an "e". Finally, in a recognition task where participants had to decide whether a given spoken item was part of the experimental stimuli trained the previous days, participants were more likely to say yes to a schwa variant when the spelling for the given word corresponded to this variant. These results show that a single exposure to spelling following extensive phonological learning can change the way speakers and listeners store and process words with phonological variants both in production and recognition tasks. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.