Validation of the OAKS prognostic model for acute kidney injury after gastrointestinal surgery

Abstract

Background

Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of major gastrointestinal surgery with an impact on short- and long-term survival. No validated system for risk stratification exists for this patient group. This study aimed to validate externally a prognostic model for AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery in two multicentre cohort studies.

Methods

The Outcomes After Kidney injury in Surgery (OAKS) prognostic model was developed to predict risk of AKI in the 7 days after surgery using six routine datapoints (age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker). Validation was performed within two independent cohorts: a prospective multicentre, international study (‘IMAGINE’) of patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery (2018); and a retrospective regional cohort study (‘Tayside’) in major abdominal surgery (2011–2015). Multivariable logistic regression was used to predict risk of AKI, with multiple imputation used to account for data missing at random. Prognostic accuracy was assessed for patients at high risk (greater than 20 per cent) of postoperative AKI.

Results

In the validation cohorts, 12.9 per cent of patients (661 of 5106) in IMAGINE and 14.7 per cent (106 of 719 patients) in Tayside developed 7-day postoperative AKI. Using the OAKS model, 558 patients (9.6 per cent) were classified as high risk. Less than 10 per cent of patients classified as low-risk developed AKI in either cohort (negative predictive value greater than 0.9). Upon external validation, the OAKS model retained an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve of range 0.655–0.681 (Tayside 95 per cent c.i. 0.596 to 0.714; IMAGINE 95 per cent c.i. 0.659 to 0.703), sensitivity values range 0.323–0.352 (IMAGINE 95 per cent c.i. 0.281 to 0.368; Tayside 95 per cent c.i. 0.253 to 0.461), and specificity range 0.881–0.890 (Tayside 95 per cent c.i. 0.853 to 0.905; IMAGINE 95 per cent c.i. 0.881 to 0.899).

Conclusion

The OAKS prognostic model can identify patients who are not at high risk of postoperative AKI after gastrointestinal surgery with high specificity.

Presented to Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT) International Conference 2018 (Edinburgh, UK), European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) International Conference 2018 (Nice, France), SARS (Society of Academic and Research Surgery) 2020 (Virtual, UK).

Metadata

Authors/Creators:	Ahmed, WUR Bhatia, S McLean, KA Khaw, R Baker, D Kamarajah, SK Bell, S Nepogodiev, D Harrison, EM Glasbey, JC Borakati, A Burke, J Drake, TM Bath, MF Claireaux, HA Gundogan, B Mohan, M Deekonda, P Kong, C Joyce, H McNamee, L Woin, E Khatri, C Fitzgerald, JE Bhangu, A Arulkumaran, N Bell, S Duthie, F Hughes, J Pinkney, TD Prowle, J Richards, T Thomas, M Blanco-Colino, R Chapman, SJ Glasbey, JC Pata, F Pellino, G Sgrò, A Soares, A van Elst, T Van Straten, S Knowles, CH Nepogodiev, D Dynes, K Patel, M Patel, P Wigley, C Suresh, R Shaw, A Klimach, S Jull, P Evans, D Preece, R Ibrahim, I Manikavasagar, V Smith, R Brown, FS Deekonda, P Teo, R Sim, DPY Borakati, A Logan, AE Barai, I Amin, H Suresh, S Sethi, R Gul, W Bolton, W Corbridge, O Horne, L Attalla, M Morley, R Robinson, C Hoskins, T McAllister, R Lee, S Dennis, Y Nixon, G Heywood, E Wilson, H Ng, L Samaraweera, S Mills, A Doherty, C Woin, E Belchos, J Phan, V Lim, M Miller, FA Chouari, T Gardner, T Goergen, N Hayes, JDB MacLeod, CS McCormack, R McKinley, A McKinstry, S Milligan, W Ooi, L Rafiq, NM Sammut, T Sinclair, E Smith, M Wong, J Ablett, AD Tie-Gill, T Ramsay, G De Paola, L McGuckin, S Alshakhs, A Ahmeidat, A Wong, J Goergen, N Francis, AA Baker, C Boulton, APR Collins, J Copley, HC Fearnhead, N Fox, H Mah, T McKenna, J Naruka, V Nigam, N Nourallah, B Perera, S Qureshi, A Saggar, S Sun, L Wang, X Yang, DD Ali, Z Mullarkey, L Bath, MF Walshe, R Lewis, E Berry, B Moneim, J Mookerjee, S Al-hadithi, A Caroll, P Doyle, C Elangovan, S Falamarzi, A Gascon Perai, K Greenan, E Jain, D Lang-Orsini, M Lim, S O'Byrne, L Ridgway, P Van der Laan, S Wong, J Arthur, J Barclay, J Bradley, P Edwin, C Finch, E Hayashi, E Hopkins, M Kelly, D Kelly, M McCartan, N Ormrod, A Pakenham, A Christy, S Hayward, J Hitchen, C Kishore, A Martins, T Philomen, J Rao, R Rickards, C Burns, N Copeland, M Durand, C Dyal, A Ghaffar, A Gidwani, A Grant, M Gribbon, C Gruhn, A Leer, M Ojofeitimi, O Carroll, L Hylands, A Delaugere, LP Reveendran, D Ahmad, K Beattie, G Beatty, M Campbell, G Donaldson, G Graham, S Holmes, D Kanabar, S Liu, H McCann, C Stewart, R Vara, S Coulter, C Ralston, C Laverty, L Gallagher, P Ajibola-Taylor, O Andah, EJE Ani, C Cabdi, NMO Ito, G Jones, M Komoriyama, A Patel, P Titu, L Ahmed, A Yeo, YQ Elliott, D Bennett, J Mcnamara, M Sivarajah, S Dunmore, C Basra, M Gallogly, P Harinath, G Leong, SH Pradhan, A Siddiqui, I Zaat, S Ali, A Galea, M Looi, WL Ng, JCK Farhan-Alanie, MMH Aitken, G Nair, M Aly, MH Buari, M Farhan-Alanie, MMH Atkin, G Azizi, A Cargill, Z China, Z Elliot, J Jebakumar, R Lam, J Mudalige, G Onyerindu, C Renju, M Shankar Babu, V Ahmed, K Sheikh, Z Monks, M Lehmann, J Rotimi, O Hussain, M Joji, N Lovett, B Mownah, H Dwyer-Hemmings, L Busuttil, A Powell, J Hensher, C Vivian, F Ali, B Cresswell, B Dhillon, AK Dupaguntla, YS Hungwe, C Lowe-Zinola, JD Tsang, JCH Wcislo, K Bevan, K Cardus, C Duggal, A Hossain, S McHugh, M Scott, M Millar, Z Hirosue, S Ogunmwonyi, I Nakakande, 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Tilocca, PL Marrosu, AG Scognamillo, F Pala, C Attene, F Carboni, L Ruggiu, MW Gabbas, G Sancini, G Sancini, G Roggiani, A Balsamo, F Gori, A Cuicchi, D Vittori, L Piozzi, GN Tringali, D Bevilacqua, E Panizzo, V Piozzi, GN Lauretta, A Poillucci, G Mulas, S Simcikas, D Samalavicius, NE Simcikas, D Nutautiene, V Zeromskas, P Jurgaitis, J Aliosin, O Slepavicius, A Eismontas, V Kybransiene, M Portelli, L Cachia, C Cefai, C Portelli, L Youssef, Y Degaetano, D Debono, S Sammut, M Cassar, J Sammut, K Andrejevic, P van Wijnbergen, JWM Dinger, TL ten Doesschate, SFH van Dalen, ASHM Looijen, RC van Dalen, ASHM Becker, MAJ Comert, D Stellingwerf, ME Abdulrahman, N van den Bos, DD Grüter, A Vroom, Y Voeten, DM Feenstra, T de Roy van Zuidewijn, D Hansmann, M Nasimi, B Gerdsen, M Stijns, RCH Leow, TYS Penningnieuwland, G Davids, J Medina Feliz, J Kuiper, SZ Sluijpers, NRF van de Pas, KGH Pruijssers, SR Pruijssers, SR Molenaar, CJL Thomas, G Farik, S Farik, S Chen, SY Kilpatrick, K Kim, DH Ong, HI Elliott, BM Geneta, VP Alsadat, R Cherry, R Chapman, DA Singh, N Clucas, A Gatenby, G Kelly, B Ruppeldt, P McIntosh, ND Li, Y Wilton, S McLaughlin, SJP Kearney, J Wilton, S Sprosen, H Kerckhoffs, P Kandelaki, H Welman, D Coulter, J Morreau, M Li, E Rankin, A Winders, J Skipworth, C Peng, SL Campbell, S Lim, YK Yassaie, SS Dixon, S Yassaie, S Murray, M Haran, C Koh, S Wilms, H Dalzell, F Tewhaiti-Smith, J Kader, T Yam, ST Dahya, D Hardie Boys, M Fleischl, W Desmond, B Tan, J Tan, J Skavysh, A Castro, J Orelhas, L Santos, J Pacheco, A Rocha, AF Jervis, MJ Pedro, V Paixão, V Guerreiro, A Melo, D Laranjeira, A Machado, A Horta, V Rocha-Melo, M Patrício, J Pereira, M Lima, R Cinza, AM Oliveira, J Velez, C Senhorinho, R Catarino, S Catarino, S Aveiro, D Couto, M Loureiro, AR Neves-Marques, C Louro, T Morgado, M Ferreira, AS Alves, M Oliveira, N Lérias, R Neves-Marques, C Estalagem, I Botelho, C Alves-Vale, C Correia, JG Jardim, JAM Domingos, SP Baião, JM Rocha, BS Lopes, NMRO Jordão, DM Correia, JG Ângelo, MD Caroço, T Vieira, BN Vieira, BN Silva, AG Galvão, D Mora, A Bettencourt, R Quintela, AC Alves, D Dias, B Costa, C Gonçalves, JP Valente, P Oliveira, J Freire, L Saraiva, R Moreira, M Peixoto, R Serra, ML Serra, ML Santos, TC Lages, RR Pimentel, A Martins, M Maciel, J Bártolo, J Fidalgo Antunes, C Cabral, F Brito Silva, F Dias Matos, A Santos, M Cunha, R Duarte, M Sousa, M Cunha, M Neves, J Neves, J Mónica, I Oliveira, S Ribeiro, H Ferreira, M Guimarães, N Azevedo, J Louro, H Queiros, T Castro, B Fonseca, S Carvalho, L Torre, AP Amado, A Leite, M Santos, M Romano, M Romano, M Gomes, JR Monteiro, RG Eiró, F Ferreira, M Borges, F Simões, J Eiró, F Botelho, P Cismasiu, B Romano, J Monteiro, C Monteiro, C Silva, M Claro, M Almeida, P Cruz, A Claro, M Vaz Pinto, G Sousa, D Costa Santos, D Silva, A Silva, F Almeida, MR Almeida, MR Parreira, R Faustino, A Medeiros, N Castro, R Soares, B Resendes, M Peyroteo, M Canotilho, R Peyroteo, M Correia, AM Martins, PC Machado, ND Machado, ND Sá, TC Bernardes, FM Saraiva, P Almeida, J Mendes, M Fernandes, V Ribeiro, A Soares, D Capote, H Fialho, G Reia, M Pratas, N Capote, H Costa, C Costa, J Morais, S Ferreira, M Miranda, P Cunha, C Ferreira, M Sousa, X Amado, F Batista, A Seabra, J Praxedes, V Monteiro, N Martins, I Lamas, M Devesa, H Duarte, M Miranda, J Martins, SF Cavadas, D Cavadas, D Silva, R Pina, S Paixão, I Frade, S Guerreiro, I Guerreiro, I Tomé, M Patrocinio, S Costa, M Rosete, M Costa, M Rosete, M Salman, M Senaratne, R Kakodkar, P Balasubramanian, I Hogan, A Al-Salihi, A Vyas, V Vedadi, A English, C Mohammed, N Dervan, L Kang, SJ Dixon, O Morrissey, E Compton, M Litvin, A Litvin, A Romanova, E Ponomarev, N Savchenko, A Mészárosová, K Zubowicz, M Suchán, PK Gerstmeier, J Mészárosová, K Brazitikou, E Fytrou, E Celik, M Dubovský, M Schmalenbeck, J Sautter, SC Ceyran, H Panyko, A Van Straten, S Jaich, R Jaich, R Fitchat, N De Lima, H Withey, K Piperidis, A Toyi, Y Nicolaides, A De Lima, H Brooks, S Jaffer, T Sparke, A Van Staden, N McDuling, CR Claassen, L Van Vuuren, S Marx, M Kruger, C Weyers, J Marx, M Lecler, J Nshalati Salvation, M Mathebula, S Chauke, J Mculu, W Ngwenya, Z García Cardo, J Mora-Guzmán, I Sancho Muriel, J de Andres Olabarria, U Casaval Cornejo, L Vicente Rodríguez, I Jiménez Escovar, F de Andres Olabarria, U Calvo Fernández, M Portugal Martínez, A Badiola Bergara, I Landaluce Olavarria, A del Pozo Andrés, E Muriel, P Muriel, P Mestres, N Cuello, E Merichal, M Sierra, JE Escoll, J Rufas, M Pinillos, AI Ortega, J Cerdán, C Jimenez Viñas, C Alconchel, F Martínez Díaz, JM Ruiz Manzanera, JJ Navarro Barrios, Á Rodríguez Pedreño, L Alconchel, F García Moreno, P García Gómez, M Rodrigues, K Abrisqueta, J Esteban Sinovas, O Fairén Oro, C López Otero, M López Otero, M Samartín Toimil, C Primo Álvarez, JC Rodriguez Fernandez, L Paniagua Garcia Señorans, M Figueroa Jiménez, S Livianos Arias-Camisón, P Figueroa Jiménez, S Nieto Arranz, JM Mateos Sexmero, MJ Diego Alonso, E González Amor, L Claramonte Bellmunt, O Martínez Caballero, J Rubio-Pérez, I Ramos Martin, P Mate Mate, P Marcano Chavez, C Rubio-Perez, I Ayllon, H Aguilar-Martínez, MM Arroyo, A Segura-Sampedro, JJ Jerí-McFarlane, S Soldevila-Verdeguer, C Pineño-Flores, C Ambrona-Zafra, D Fernández-Vega, L Gil-Catalán, A Craus-Miguel, A Pujol-Cano, N Sena-Ruiz, F Olmedo Moreno, C Olmedo Moreno, C Pastor Idoate, C Negre Parra, D Soriano Liébana, MM Negre Parra, D Campo Betancourth, CF Sevila Mico, S Estévez Diz, AM Martín-Balbuena, R García-Vico, A Roman-Rando, A Sánchez-Gálvez, MÁ Bersabe-Alonso, IM Vadillo-Bohorquez, A Bustamante Recuenco, C Calzada, MG Recuenco, CB Martin, MC Licardie Bolaños, RE Garcia Orozco, JJ Ferrusola Diaz, DA Licardie Bolaños, RE Garcia Jimenez, ML Castro Diez, L Mosquera Fernandez, C Fernández, P Platero Diago, J Veras Lista, M Rifà Terricabras, S Butler Sanz, L Alberch Camprubí, E Rico Ferrández, M Puig Lao, E De Pablo Miró, M Díaz Padillo, A Padilla Zegarra, ED Franco, M Martinez, A Forero-Torres, A Forero-Torres, A Alonso-Poza, A Dieguez, B Losada, M Gilsanz, C Forero-Torres, A Alberdi San Román, I Ramos Jiménez, FA Alberdi San Román, I Pérez Ortega, A Trujillo Barbadillo, A Romero Pujana, E Fernandez Illera, MV Salvador Rosés, H Delisau Puig, O Castro, A Salvador Rosés, H Codony Bassols, C Fernandes, N García Ádamez, J Caula Freixa, C Gómez Romeu, N Merayo Álvarez, M Merayo Alvarez, M Alonso Batanero, E Cifrián Canales, I Villarejo Campos, P Alberca-Paramo, A Alia Verdejo, T Cañete-Manzanares, J Molina-Florez, M García Hernández, LC Orozco Nuñez, S Suarez-Sanchez, M Martin-Fernandez, J Estaire Gomez, M Lopes Moreira, CC Gutierrez Rios, RD Eizaguirre Ubegun, M Novo Sukia, I Uribe Isado, M Ibañez Alda, M Lopes Moreira, CC Enriquez-Navascues, JM Uriol Peralta, P Uriol Peralta, P Lima Pinto, F Núñez O´Sullivan, S Serrano Navidad, M Serrano Navidad, M Vivas Angeles, P Vives Figueras, R Baena Sanfeliu, E Campillo Alonso, B Alberich Prats, M Duran Arrocha, J Cornellà Garceso, N Uribe Galeano, C Collado-Roura, F Ripollés-Melchor, J Garcea, A Gómez Facundo, H Troncoso Pereira, P Troncoso Pereira, P Garcia, JM Gil, A Giordano, HE V Pérez Guarinos, C Blaser, B Imadalou, L Piazza, G Piazza, G Teixeira, H Pittet, O Gaspar, S Gagliardi, B Haller, ML Gagliardi, B Huot, A Yurdaor, SS Alim, YE Binbuga, M Kürklü, Ö Yurdaor, SS Ceylan, C Yilmaz, S Çalar, SN Yildirim, N Yavuz, G Biyiklioglu, O Kopac, O Baykan, B Abbasguliyev, H Mutlu, V Mahmoudi, Y Dossa, SAA Mizan, SR Demirtas, B Cavus, T Yuksek, A Karabulut, K Uyanik, A Kargici, K Banaz, T Abdulrahman, SMF Yesilsancak, M Yanikoglu, E Karabulut, A Yilmaz, D Kuyumcu, OF Kutluk, F Tunc, E Ozmen, BB Kurtoglu, GK Sel, EK Isler, VC Yilmaz, BS Adiyaman, C Kara, M Demirkaya, HC Korkmaz, HK Pektas, AM Mutlu, D Tiftik, E Tiftik, E Aksoy, AB Karagöz, E Sabanci, R Tümer, SS Sarigül, L Aksoy, B Emiroglu, B Aksoy, B Mollavelioglu, B Gereklioglu, D Guler, M Toprak, S Afsar, HB Guler, SE Alizade, E Aydin, T Yalcinkaya, A Erdem, M Kayacan, S Sahin, C Uysal, M Karakus, K Altiner, S Demirci, ZS Eren, E Yavas, M Dogan, H Ozoglu, F Mazlum, SS Yelkenci, C Baran, T Satilmisoglu, M Sahin, AZ Kilinç, A Isik, K Kocer, MD Güner, B Islek, EC Tombul, HB Boztug, CY Tinaz, A Yilmaz, M Karaman, Y Akin, FA Dansuk, S Basçavus, M Kaya, M Kutlu, B Akyol, C Bilicen, G Bilicen, G Yarenci, E Demiroglu, Y Sunal, A Cinar, EN Tipi, OU Benli, GE Tasdelen, I Tura, A Ucar, A Ekci, B Bilgili, AC Kiraz, IN Aksoy, H Cinar, EN Basak, A Karip, B Uslu, Ö Seker, MC Erten, V Memis, U Koçak, ZB Karapinar, YE Fakirullahoglu, M Uslu, Ö Köseoglu, E Yeni, M Uygur, FA Kaya, Y Özen, D Ölmez, M Altintas, E Kaya, Y Toklu, R Sariçiçek, T Isik, AE Demirci, K Suresh, G Anbarasan, J Rehman, S Hu, E Timms, S Reynolds, W Hotchkies, A Misra, V Suresh, G Finch, BJ Finch, BJ Philip Rajathasan, T Jeddy, H Kyaw, HA Wong, N Bhahirathan, Y Donaldson, C Sequeira Campos, M Bhahirathan, Y Armitage, MN Hussain, AS Hardy, B Hassan Serry, MY Herron, J Herron, J Thakrar, C Rojoa, D Yeap, B Iqbal, Z Rojoa, DM Cabaleiro Barciela, C Hussain, M Ruddy, CM Lindwe, S Qamar, Y Chuita, S Toh, C James, A Bugelli, M Chechelnitskaya, Y Sandhu, N Toh, C Bylinski, T Findlay, JM Skan, O Kind, C Findlay, JM Tupper, P Van Rhee, C Honeyman, SI Menon, G Sloper, W Burford, C Huq, T Sloper, W Coey, J Akbari, K Akbari, K Whitehead, T Dimitriadis, S Marshall, K Flint, EJ Curran, M Yagiz Sen, A Can, B Cesmeli, E Kus, D Kavar, RC Cevlik, AD Cengiz, U Turk, EG Yilmaz, I Yumurtaci, Ö Emin, A Girit, ÇAGRI Yildirak, MK Senyigit, E Güldag, A Söyleyici, B Aytin, YE Akay, FE Iskan, NG Mutlu, B Sunay, AO Bell, T Limnatitou, D Gormley, S Taleongpong, P Patel, V Macgregor, L Amini, S Turner, C To, N Laurence, N Thomas, S Green, C Frostick, R Khera, R Povey, M Mahapatra, S Bradbury, M Osunronbi, T Tam, LYC Khanan Kaabneh, A Lawther, J Fisher, P Tribedi, T Moosa, A Ramdin, A McGee, F Flanagan, S Thakrar, C Tan, QJ Anwar, H Clough, R Chrisp, B Cassels, J Cross, GWV Refalo, A Hadley, R McTighe, A Farrow, F Brodie, A Davis, G Shah, DR Bowers, C Ng, MPE Wong, RTW Maese, S Tandon, R Gray, M Kumar, A Ciurleo, C Nyamali, I Hiremath, S Sinha, S Chowdhary, M Kirupananthan, P Boh, ZY Dass, S Soma, A Newton, A Hill, M Shafiq, Y Brkljac, M Martin, H McClarty, C Sanyal, S Alsaif, A Palkhi, A Bhopal, S Patel, N Muneeb, F Page, O Zeb, E Coey, J Al-Azzawi, A McIntosh, J Vucicevic, A Hughes, M Brooks, L Fanibi, B Dixon, M Njoku, P Morris, D Jobson, J Trussell, S Chowdhury, H Alawode, DOT Wynell-Mayow, W Udayachandran, V Alsoof, D Ekert, J Joseph, N Zulkefley, N Hunt, G Christodoulou, T Wright, O Soman, S Jamal, M Beqiri, S Borgas, P Christie, S Pereira, F Browne, S Yiu, J Dworkin, A Mak, J Patrawala, S Milinkovic, N Schofield, R Chauhan, M Hartley, L Hind, J Heybourne, A Morgan, H Wickstone, C Panagiotou, D O'Connell, E Dean, K Iqbal, R Walsh, L Yu, N Rana, N Massie, E Foong, J Lee, YJ Liebenberg, P Mijalkov, D Wells, A Bull, N Ajmera, A Warburton, T Morgan, S Mahmoud, A Schachtel, M Mikhail, B Fomin, I Mekaeil, B Wong, J Jun, HJS Hengpoonthana, R Childs, S Ridgway, S Blefari, NDA Tam, H Puchalski, N Ngai, C Mackenzie, J Johnson, N Holmes, M Zuzek, R Saluja, T Gould, T Goh, YK Selvaraj, T Horne, D Borrow, JL Campbell, C Cousins, G Jackson, L Maheepala, K Zhao, S Holden, E Tutt, L Thompson, B Collins, H Louie, F Buckland, B Smith, D Chong, C Chua, TH Nayak, C Redmond, J Tan, RR Gramlick, M Teh, JS Ng, SY Britten-Jones, P Mohd Rosli, R Pham, HDV Harris, M Salibasic, M Pavlov, V Paycheva, T Borisova, A Lyulenina, E Kolev, N Boev, B Nguen, D Mitkov, Y Mitkov, E Vladova, P Dimitrov, V Hussain, M Gabarski, A Feradova, H Mladenov, T Neykov, V Pös, M Adel, A Sotona, O Bartoš, M Amjad, T Malý, O Berec, S Hanušová, M Hurný, M Örhalmi, J Sørensen, JS Mark-Christensen, A Chanut, F Magnin, J Gout, M Schöning, L CS Simon, S Galata, C Karampinis, I Thäwel, T Seckler, AM Kerem, C Durdevic, S Herrle, F Artioli, E Giaccari, S Nevoso, V Schimera, A Marino, S Resta, G Pata, G Ongaro, D Baronio, G Raimondo, S Casiraghi, S Salvadori, R Armellini, A Vulcano, I Bertilone, E Pintabona, G Viscosi, F Mazzeo, C Olivieri, M Belluco, C Antona, AD Basso, S Pipitone Federico, NS Frattalone, M Marino, F Carbone, F Incollingo, P Romano, FM Podda, M Anania, M Pulighe, F Cruccu, A Murru, ML Massaiu, C Balestra, F Pazzona, M De Nisco, C Gusai, GP Giannella, A Santangelo, M Olivieri, M Frangella, F Magagnano, D Liberatore, P De Rosa, M Rondelli, F Ceccarelli, G Marano, L Castagnoli, G Bartoli, A Bellochi, R Spaziani, A Conti, D Poponesi, V Trippetti, M Amicucci, S Tazza, G Procacci, P Giovannini, F Basile, E Moschetta, G Cosmi, F Romeo, G Gasparrini, M Virgilio, E Sparta, C Mura, FA Barmina, M Lorettu, A Rettaroli, C Mastino, G Ruggiu, GV Mura, GA Perrone, BA Mulas, S De Angelis, M Mereu, A Adamo, V Bianco, C Ricciardiello, M Campanaro, C Panaccio, P Esposito, LM Di Mola, FF D'Ascanio, F Pietroletti, R Di Marco, F Amico, A Schembari, E Puglisi, S Tuminello, F Figà, F Caiazzo, A Selvaggi, L Capozzolo, A Braccio, B Truškovs, A Bartnick, A Malcevs, E Machatschek, MJ Alm, J Lapsa, S Delorme, M Zeynalov, F Larnovskis, J Sauka, J Bodrov, D Gailumsis, R Wiemann, AM Müller, NL Jelovskis, I Deksnis, D Bauermeister Potts, O Slimbajevs, T Ancans, G Dulskas, A Kuliavas, J Kavaliauskas, P Kavaliauskaite, R te Molder, L Tromp, J Matthee, E Tissen, YM Brinkhuis, E de Vries, HS 't Hart, E Beckers, K Bekker, Y Kakar, S ten Doesschate, SFH van Smaalen, TC Veen, OC Dingemans, SA van den Brink, LC Vijgen, GHEJ van de Voort, EMF van der Pool, A van Rest, KLC Haak, T Gordinou de Gouberville, MC Saleh, S Mens, MA Hoeks, EM Nieuwenhuizen, S Brandsma, AM van Praag, EM Westerduin, E Smit, MPCM van der Lely, SJ de Ruiter, A Ribbers, T Aarts, CAM Tulek, MS de Jonge, J Kocak, S Alqethami, HJ Constansia, R van Elst, PC Tissink, MW Azzahhafi, J Bofarid, S Kip, M Saleh, W Franssen, S Boon, CL Franssen, RJM Romaen, I Jense, MTF D'Souza, J Pascoe, R Scott, A Stark, E Mulholland, K Lau, WK Smith, B Adams, SIB Shah, N Ling, E Young, J Hawkins, R Peng, SL Jacobson, A Macfater, H Fagan, PVB Stanfield, B Henderson, N Chuang, A Maskill, L Ker, H Mouldey, K Elliott, BM Hu, R Edwards, S Matthews, C Aitken, E Walker, M Winstanley, J Martins, T Miguel, I Martins, J Cunha, MF Melo, J Veiga, DN Rachadell, J Rachadell, J Amorim, E Vareda, R Roseira, J Americano, M Correia, D Capella, V Moinhos, T Costa, F Gil, I Morgado, J Varghese, S Boyle, E Aljohmani, L Alexander, J Graziadei, V McCaughey, C Jain, A Lee, J O'Connor, DB Ramanayake, H Sabnani, R Colon, LF Bansal, N Stephens, I Tan, R Sharma, S Hoo, M Doherty, G Fenn, S Mulhare, E Walsh, M Leavey, C Costigan, O Griffin, S Dockry, É Khogali, E Aly, AK McPhedran, R O'Gorman, D Vermeulen, D Gopaul, A Pentony, AR Piong, CL Nossier, R Hanna, J Sabir, K Eow, SY Ladak, N Boersma, D Kamath, PJ Soh, TBW Dyer, AH Chee, SY Tan, IXH Kelliher, A Scanlon, K Adeusi, L Howarth, N McCawley, N O'Neill, A Jones, MR Saleh, R Singh, A O'Dwyer, N Mana, OC Gomez, H Riba, L Perez, J Centeno, A Yebes, A Ortega, C Ossola, ME Camarero, E Martínez Illán, M Aranda García, L Lázaro Cardona, M Montalvo Olmedo, C Fairén Oro, C Izquierdo Moreno, A Cuenca Ramírez, A Margarida, A Pando, B Liquete Marín, L Pérez Calle, M Ramos Cordero, MJ Sagredo Cuartango, A Sánchez, E Marcos Rodrigo, A Fernandez, A Curtis, C Bosch, M Triguero, D Bosch Ramírez, M Claramonte Bellmunt, O De La Llave Serralvo, A Sánchez, MJ Martín-Borregón, P Quevedo, A Martínez, J Marín, JM Rodríguez, P Esteban Avendaño, I Jiménez Relimpio, C Lancho Lavilla, P Blanco Bartolomé, I Gómez Cano, I Blasco Andrés, C Abad-Motos, A Marínez-Hurtado, E Salvachua-Fernández, R Muniesa, C Avelino, L Cholewa, H Sancho-Muriel, J Navasquillo, M Navío, A Abelló, D De Jesus, M Alvarez, E Blaser, B Kefleyesus, A Bugmann, A Piotet, LM Meijers, L Delibegovic, S Tonchev, P Magnoli, M Tamosiunas, A Rottier, SJ Negoi, I Bernado, IR Eftychiou, S
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of BJS Society Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com
Dates:	Accepted: 20 December 2021 Published (online): 16 February 2022 Published: February 2022
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health (Sheffield) > Department of Human Metabolism (Sheffield) The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health (Sheffield) > Department of Oncology (Sheffield)
Depositing User:	Symplectic Sheffield
Date Deposited:	19 May 2022 16:31
Last Modified:	19 May 2022 16:31
Status:	Published
Publisher:	Wiley
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsopen/zrab150
Related URLs:	Author

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Validation of the OAKS prognostic model for acute kidney injury after gastrointestinal surgery

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