Probing the nucleation of iron in Earth's core using molecular dynamics simulations of supercooled liquids

Classical nucleation theory describes the formation of the first solids from supercooled liquids and predicts an average waiting time for a system to freeze as it is cooled below the melting temperature. For systems at low to moderate undercooling, waiting times are too long for freezing to be observed via simulation. Here a system can be described by estimated thermodynamic properties, or by extrapolation from practical conditions where thermodynamic properties can be fit directly to simulations. In the case of crystallizing Earth's solid iron inner core, these thermodynamic parameters are not well known and waiting times from simulations must be extrapolated over approximately 60 orders of magnitude. In this work, we develop a new approach negating the need for freezing to be observed. We collect statistics on solidlike particles in molecular dynamic simulations of supercooled liquids at 320 GPa. This allows estimation of waiting times at temperatures closer to the melting point than is accessible to other techniques and without prior thermodynamic insight or assumption. Our method describes the behavior of nucleation at otherwise inaccessible conditions such that the nucleation of any system at small undercooling can be characterized alongside the thermodynamic quantities which define the first formed solids.