Pension system reform in China: Who gets what pensions?

This article is the first examination of pension reform in China and its effects on different social groups over the past three decades. China's pension system has undergone radical transition from the state-employer model to a state-society one based on the combination of an underlying aim of supporting the economic reforms and learning from international experience. Although the pension system has expanded over the past three decades and the majority of people are now covered by social pensions, this remarkable policy change has created new inequalities. First, an important aspect of social stratification has been reshaped into five distinct pension scheme classes. Second, the new pension model has strengthened the link between benefits and contributions, which privileges the better off. In this newly stratified pension system, those with high human capital and family capital, and who are in the more developed regions are the clear winners. To tackle these inequalities, future pension reform in China should focus on promoting equalization and de-stratification.