Katina, S, McNeil, K, Ayoub, A et al. (9 more authors) (2016) The definitions of three-dimensional landmarks on the human face: an interdisciplinary view. Journal of Anatomy, 228 (3). pp. 355-365. ISSN 0021-8782
Abstract
The analysis of shape is a key part of anatomical research and in the large majority of cases landmarks provide a standard starting point. However, while the technology of image capture has developed rapidly and in particular three-dimensional imaging is widely available, the de nitions of anatomical landmarks remain rooted in their two-dimensional origins. In the important case of the human face, standard de nitions often require careful orientation of the subject. This paper considers the de nitions of facial landmarks from an interdis- ciplinary perspective, including biological and clinical motivations, issues associated with imaging and subsequent analysis, and the mathematical definition of surface shape using differential geometry. This last perspective provides a route to de nitions of landmarks based on surface curvature, often making use of ridge and valley curves, which is genuinely three-dimensional and is independent of orientation. Specific definitions based on curvature are proposed. These are evaluated, along with traditional definitions, in a study which uses a hierarchical (random e ects) model to estimate the error variation which is present at several different levels within the image capture process. The estimates of variation at these different levels are of interest in their own right but, in addition, evidence is provided that variation is reduced at the observer level when the new landmark definitions are used.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article |
---|---|
Authors/Creators: |
|
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Anatomy published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Anatomical Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Keywords: | Curves; landmarks; shape; reproducibility |
Dates: |
|
Institution: | The University of Leeds |
Academic Units: | The University of Leeds > Faculty of Medicine and Health (Leeds) > School of Dentistry (Leeds) > Orthodontics (Leeds) |
Depositing User: | Symplectic Publications |
Date Deposited: | 05 Nov 2015 12:22 |
Last Modified: | 20 Feb 2023 08:05 |
Published Version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12407 |
Status: | Published |
Publisher: | Wiley |
Identification Number: | 10.1111/joa.12407 |
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID): | oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:91512 |