The Carolingian Succession to the Visigothic Fisc on the Spanish March

When the Carolingian kings took in the counties over the Pyrenees that would become Catalonia, they replaced a short-lived Muslim rule that had itself been preceded by a much longer Visigothic one. Furthermore, the Carolingians acquired power on a promise to respect the Visigothic law used by the area, still being copied centuries later. This paper attempts to explore how far the kings were able, from their distant capitals, to materially succeed the Visigothic rulers by taking over their fisc, and how else their rule could have been materially underpinned, thus partway anatomising a Carolingian take-over.