Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition).

Abstract

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Klionsky, DJ Abdel-Aziz, AK Abdelfatah, S Abdellatif, M Abdoli, A Abel, S Abeliovich, H Abildgaard, MH Abudu, YP Acevedo-Arozena, A Adamopoulos, IE Adeli, K Adolph, TE Adornetto, A Aflaki, E Agam, G Agarwal, A Aggarwal, BB Agnello, M Agostinis, P Agrewala, JN Agrotis, A Aguilar, PV Ahmad, ST Ahmed, ZM Ahumada-Castro, U Aits, S Aizawa, S Akkoc, Y Akoumianaki, T Akpinar, HA Al-Abd, AM Al-Akra, L Al-Gharaibeh, A Alaoui-Jamali, MA Alberti, S Alcocer-Gómez, E Alessandri, C Ali, M Alim Al-Bari, MA Aliwaini, S Alizadeh, J Almacellas, E Almasan, A Alonso, A Alonso, GD Altan-Bonnet, N Altieri, DC Álvarez, ÉMC Alves, S Alves da Costa, C Alzaharna, MM Amadio, M Amantini, C Amaral, C Ambrosio, S Amer, AO Ammanathan, V An, Z Andersen, SU Andrabi, SA Andrade-Silva, M Andres, AM Angelini, S Ann, D Anozie, UC Ansari, MY Antas, P Antebi, A Antón, Z Anwar, T Apetoh, L Apostolova, N Araki, T Araki, Y Arasaki, K Araújo, WL Araya, J Arden, C Arévalo, M-A Arguelles, S Arias, E Arikkath, J Arimoto, H Ariosa, AR Armstrong-James, D Arnauné-Pelloquin, L Aroca, A Arroyo, DS Arsov, I Artero, R Asaro, DML Aschner, M Ashrafizadeh, M Ashur-Fabian, O Atanasov, AG Au, AK Auberger, P Auner, HW Aurelian, L Autelli, R Avagliano, L Ávalos, Y Aveic, S Aveleira, CA Avin-Wittenberg, T Aydin, Y Ayton, S Ayyadevara, S Azzopardi, M Baba, M Backer, JM Backues, SK Bae, D-H Bae, O-N Bae, SH Baehrecke, EH Baek, A Baek, S-H Baek, SH Bagetta, G Bagniewska-Zadworna, A Bai, H Bai, J Bai, X Bai, Y Bairagi, N Baksi, S Balbi, T Baldari, CT Balduini, W Ballabio, A Ballester, M Balazadeh, S Balzan, R Bandopadhyay, R Banerjee, S Banerjee, S Bánréti, Á Bao, Y Baptista, MS Baracca, A Barbati, C Bargiela, A Barilà, D Barlow, PG Barmada, SJ Barreiro, E Barreto, GE Bartek, J Bartel, B Bartolome, A Barve, GR Basagoudanavar, SH Bassham, DC Bast, RC Basu, A Batoko, H Batten, I Baulieu, EE Baumgarner, BL Bayry, J Beale, R Beau, I Beaumatin, F Bechara, LRG Beck, GR Beers, MF Begun, J Behrends, C Behrens, GMN Bei, R Bejarano, E Bel, S Behl, C Belaid, A Belgareh-Touzé, N Bellarosa, C Belleudi, F Belló Pérez, M Bello-Morales, R Beltran, JSDO Beltran, S Benbrook, DM Bendorius, M Benitez, BA Benito-Cuesta, I Bensalem, J Berchtold, MW Berezowska, S Bergamaschi, D Bergami, M Bergmann, A Berliocchi, L Berlioz-Torrent, C Bernard, A Berthoux, L Besirli, CG Besteiro, S Betin, VM Beyaert, R Bezbradica, JS Bhaskar, K Bhatia-Kissova, I Bhattacharya, R Bhattacharya, S Bhattacharyya, S Bhuiyan, MS Bhutia, SK Bi, L Bi, X Biden, TJ Bijian, K Billes, VA Binart, N Bincoletto, C Birgisdottir, AB Bjorkoy, G Blanco, G Blas-Garcia, A Blasiak, J Blomgran, R Blomgren, K Blum, JS Boada-Romero, E Boban, M Boesze-Battaglia, K Boeuf, P Boland, B Bomont, P Bonaldo, P Bonam, SR Bonfili, L Bonifacino, JS Boone, BA Bootman, MD Bordi, M Borner, C Bornhauser, BC Borthakur, G Bosch, J Bose, S Botana, LM Botas, J Boulanger, CM Boulton, ME Bourdenx, M Bourgeois, B Bourke, NM Bousquet, G Boya, P Bozhkov, PV Bozi, LHM Bozkurt, TO 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Dengjel, J Dent, P Denton, D DePamphilis, ML Der, CJ Deretic, V Descoteaux, A Devis, L Devkota, S Devuyst, O Dewson, G Dharmasivam, M Dhiman, R di Bernardo, D Di Cristina, M Di Domenico, F Di Fazio, P Di Fonzo, A Di Guardo, G Di Guglielmo, GM Di Leo, L Di Malta, C Di Nardo, A Di Rienzo, M Di Sano, F Diallinas, G Diao, J Diaz-Araya, G Díaz-Laviada, I Dickinson, JM Diederich, M Dieudé, M Dikic, I Ding, S Ding, W-X Dini, L Dinić, J Dinic, M Dinkova-Kostova, AT Dionne, MS Distler, JHW Diwan, A Dixon, IMC Djavaheri-Mergny, M Dobrinski, I Dobrovinskaya, O Dobrowolski, R Dobson, RCJ Đokić, J Dokmeci Emre, S Donadelli, M Dong, B Dong, X Dong, Z Dorn Ii, GW Dotsch, V Dou, H Dou, J Dowaidar, M Dridi, S Drucker, L Du, A Du, C Du, G Du, H-N Du, L-L du Toit, A Duan, S-B Duan, X Duarte, SP Dubrovska, A Dunlop, EA Dupont, N Durán, RV Dwarakanath, BS Dyshlovoy, SA Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D Eckhart, L Edelstein, CL Efferth, T Eftekharpour, E Eichinger, L Eid, N Eisenberg, T Eissa, NT Eissa, S Ejarque, M El 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Follo, C Fon, EA Forlino, A Fornai, F Fortini, P Fracassi, A Fraldi, A Franco, B Franco, R Franconi, F Frankel, LB Friedman, SL Fröhlich, LF Frühbeck, G Fuentes, JM Fujiki, Y Fujita, N Fujiwara, Y Fukuda, M Fulda, S Furic, L Furuya, N Fusco, C Gack, MU Gaffke, L Galadari, S Galasso, A Galindo, MF Gallolu Kankanamalage, S Galluzzi, L Galy, V Gammoh, N Gan, B Ganley, IG Gao, F Gao, H Gao, M Gao, P Gao, S-J Gao, W Gao, X Garcera, A Garcia, MN Garcia, VE García-Del Portillo, F Garcia-Escudero, V Garcia-Garcia, A Garcia-Macia, M García-Moreno, D Garcia-Ruiz, C García-Sanz, P Garg, AD Gargini, R Garofalo, T Garry, RF Gassen, NC Gatica, D Ge, L Ge, W Geiss-Friedlander, R Gelfi, C Genschik, P Gentle, IE Gerbino, V Gerhardt, C Germain, K Germain, M Gewirtz, DA Ghasemipour Afshar, E Ghavami, S Ghigo, A Ghosh, M Giamas, G Giampietri, C Giatromanolaki, A Gibson, GE Gibson, SB Ginet, V Giniger, E Giorgi, C Girao, H Girardin, SE Giridharan, M Giuliano, S Giulivi, C Giuriato, S Giustiniani, J 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Y-X Lin, Y-S Linden, R Lindner, P Ling, S-C Lingor, P Linnemann, AK Liou, Y-C Lipinski, MM Lipovšek, S Lira, VA Lisiak, N Liton, PB Liu, C Liu, C-H Liu, C-F Liu, CH Liu, F Liu, H Liu, H-S Liu, H-F Liu, H Liu, J Liu, J Liu, J Liu, L Liu, L Liu, M Liu, Q Liu, W Liu, W Liu, X-H Liu, X Liu, X Liu, X Liu, X Liu, Y Liu, Y Liu, Y Liu, Y Liu, Y Livingston, JA Lizard, G Lizcano, JM Ljubojevic-Holzer, S LLeonart, ME Llobet-Navàs, D Llorente, A Lo, CH Lobato-Márquez, D Long, Q Long, YC Loos, B Loos, JA López, MG López-Doménech, G López-Guerrero, JA López-Jiménez, AT López-Pérez, Ó López-Valero, I Lorenowicz, MJ Lorente, M Lorincz, P Lossi, L Lotersztajn, S Lovat, PE Lovell, JF Lovy, A Lőw, P Lu, G Lu, H Lu, J-H Lu, J-J Lu, M Lu, S Luciani, A Lucocq, JM Ludovico, P Luftig, MA Luhr, M Luis-Ravelo, D Lum, JJ Luna-Dulcey, L Lund, AH Lund, VK Lünemann, JD Lüningschrör, P Luo, H Luo, R Luo, S Luo, Z Luparello, C Lüscher, B Luu, L Lyakhovich, A Lyamzaev, KG Lystad, AH Lytvynchuk, L Ma, AC Ma, C Ma, M Ma, N-F Ma, Q-H Ma, X Ma, Y Ma, Z MacDougald, OA Macian, F MacIntosh, GC MacKeigan, JP Macleod, KF Maday, S Madeo, F Madesh, M Madl, T Madrigal-Matute, J Maeda, A Maejima, Y Magarinos, M Mahavadi, P Maiani, E Maiese, K Maiti, P Maiuri, MC Majello, B Major, MB Makareeva, E Malik, F Mallilankaraman, K Malorni, W Maloyan, A Mammadova, N Man, GCW Manai, F Mancias, JD Mandelkow, E-M Mandell, MA Manfredi, AA Manjili, MH Manjithaya, R Manque, P Manshian, BB Manzano, R Manzoni, C Mao, K Marchese, C Marchetti, S Marconi, AM Marcucci, F Mardente, S Mareninova, OA Margeta, M Mari, M Marinelli, S Marinelli, O Mariño, G Mariotto, S Marshall, RS Marten, MR Martens, S Martin, APJ Martin, KR Martin, S Martin, S Martín-Segura, A Martín-Acebes, MA Martin-Burriel, I Martin-Rincon, M Martin-Sanz, P Martina, JA Martinet, W Martinez, A Martinez, A Martinez, J Martinez Velazquez, M Martinez-Lopez, N Martinez-Vicente, M Martins, DO Martins, JO Martins, WK Martins-Marques, T Marzetti, E Masaldan, S 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Miyamoto, S Miyazaki, M Miyazaki, M Miyazaki, T Miyazawa, K Mizushima, N Mogensen, TH Mograbi, B Mohammadinejad, R Mohamud, Y Mohanty, A Mohapatra, S Möhlmann, T Mohmmed, A Moles, A Moley, KH Molinari, M Mollace, V Møller, AB Mollereau, B Mollinedo, F Montagna, C Monteiro, MJ Montella, A Montes, LR Montico, B Mony, VK Monzio Compagnoni, G Moore, MN Moosavi, MA Mora, AL Mora, M Morales-Alamo, D Moratalla, R Moreira, PI Morelli, E Moreno, S Moreno-Blas, D Moresi, V Morga, B Morgan, AH Morin, F Morishita, H Moritz, OL Moriyama, M Moriyasu, Y Morleo, M Morselli, E Moruno-Manchon, JF Moscat, J Mostowy, S Motori, E Moura, AF Moustaid-Moussa, N Mrakovcic, M Muciño-Hernández, G Mukherjee, A Mukhopadhyay, S Mulcahy Levy, JM Mulero, V Muller, S Münch, C Munjal, A Munoz-Canoves, P Muñoz-Galdeano, T Münz, C Murakawa, T Muratori, C Murphy, BM Murphy, JP Murthy, A Myöhänen, TT Mysorekar, IU Mytych, J Nabavi, SM Nabissi, M Nagy, P Nah, J Nahimana, A Nakagawa, I Nakamura, K Nakatogawa, H Nandi, SS Nanjundan, M Nanni, M Napolitano, G Nardacci, R Narita, M Nassif, M Nathan, I Natsumeda, M Naude, RJ Naumann, C Naveiras, O Navid, F Nawrocki, ST Nazarko, TY Nazio, F Negoita, F Neill, T Neisch, AL Neri, LM Netea, MG Neubert, P Neufeld, TP Neumann, D Neutzner, A Newton, PT Ney, PA Nezis, IP Ng, CCW Ng, TB Nguyen, HTT Nguyen, LT Ni, H-M Ní Cheallaigh, C Ni, Z Nicolao, MC Nicoli, F Nieto-Diaz, M Nilsson, P Ning, S Niranjan, R Nishimune, H Niso-Santano, M Nixon, RA Nobili, A Nobrega, C Noda, T Nogueira-Recalde, U Nolan, TM Nombela, I Novak, I Novoa, B Nozawa, T Nukina, N Nussbaum-Krammer, C Nylandsted, J O'Donovan, TR O'Leary, SM O'Rourke, EJ O'Sullivan, MP O'Sullivan, TE Oddo, S Oehme, I Ogawa, M Ogier-Denis, E Ogmundsdottir, MH Ogretmen, B Oh, GT Oh, S-H Oh, YJ Ohama, T Ohashi, Y Ohmuraya, M Oikonomou, V Ojha, R Okamoto, K Okazawa, H Oku, M Oliván, S Oliveira, JMA Ollmann, M Olzmann, JA Omari, S Omary, MB Önal, G Ondrej, M Ong, S-B Ong, S-G Onnis, A Orellana, JA Orellana-Muñoz, S 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A Ruparelia, AA Rusmini, P Russell, RR Russo, GL Russo, M Russo, R Ryabaya, OO Ryan, KM Ryu, K-Y Sabater-Arcis, M Sachdev, U Sacher, M Sachse, C Sadhu, A Sadoshima, J Safren, N Saftig, P Sagona, AP Sahay, G Sahebkar, A Sahin, M Sahin, O Sahni, S Saito, N Saito, S Saito, T Sakai, R Sakai, Y Sakamaki, J-I Saksela, K Salazar, G Salazar-Degracia, A Salekdeh, GH Saluja, AK Sampaio-Marques, B Sanchez, MC Sanchez-Alcazar, JA Sanchez-Vera, V Sancho-Shimizu, V Sanderson, JT Sandri, M Santaguida, S Santambrogio, L Santana, MM Santoni, G Sanz, A Sanz, P Saran, S Sardiello, M Sargeant, TJ Sarin, A Sarkar, C Sarkar, S Sarrias, M-R Sarkar, S Sarmah, DT Sarparanta, J Sathyanarayan, A Sathyanarayanan, R Scaglione, KM Scatozza, F Schaefer, L Schafer, ZT Schaible, UE Schapira, AHV Scharl, M Schatzl, HM Schein, CH Scheper, W Scheuring, D Schiaffino, MV Schiappacassi, M Schindl, R Schlattner, U Schmidt, O Schmitt, R Schmidt, SD Schmitz, I Schmukler, E Schneider, A Schneider, BE Schober, R Schoijet, AC Schott, MB Schramm, M Schröder, B Schuh, K Schüller, C Schulze, RJ Schürmanns, L Schwamborn, JC Schwarten, M Scialo, F Sciarretta, S Scott, MJ Scotto, KW Scovassi, AI Scrima, A Scrivo, A Sebastian, D Sebti, S Sedej, S Segatori, L Segev, N Seglen, PO Seiliez, I Seki, E Selleck, SB Sellke, FW Selsby, JT Sendtner, M Senturk, S Seranova, E Sergi, C Serra-Moreno, R Sesaki, H Settembre, C Setty, SRG Sgarbi, G Sha, O Shacka, JJ Shah, JA Shang, D Shao, C Shao, F Sharbati, S Sharkey, LM Sharma, D Sharma, G Sharma, K Sharma, P Sharma, S Shen, H-M Shen, H Shen, J Shen, M Shen, W Shen, Z Sheng, R Sheng, Z Sheng, Z-H Shi, J Shi, X Shi, Y-H Shiba-Fukushima, K Shieh, J-J Shimada, Y Shimizu, S Shimozawa, M Shintani, T Shoemaker, CJ Shojaei, S Shoji, I Shravage, BV Shridhar, V Shu, C-W Shu, H-B Shui, K Shukla, AK Shutt, TE Sica, V Siddiqui, A Sierra, A Sierra-Torre, V Signorelli, S Sil, P Silva, BJDA Silva, JD Silva-Pavez, E Silvente-Poirot, S Simmonds, RE Simon, AK Simon, H-U Simons, M Singh, A Singh, LP Singh, R Singh, SV Singh, SK Singh, SB Singh, S Singh, SP Sinha, D Sinha, RA Sinha, S Sirko, A Sirohi, K Sivridis, EL Skendros, P Skirycz, A Slaninová, I Smaili, SS Smertenko, A Smith, MD Soenen, SJ Sohn, EJ Sok, SPM Solaini, G Soldati, T Soleimanpour, SA Soler, RM Solovchenko, A Somarelli, JA Sonawane, A Song, F Song, HK Song, J-X Song, K Song, Z Soria, LR Sorice, M Soukas, AA Soukup, S-F Sousa, D Sousa, N Spagnuolo, PA Spector, SA Srinivas Bharath, MM St Clair, D Stagni, V Staiano, L Stalnecker, CA Stankov, MV Stathopulos, PB Stefan, K Stefan, SM Stefanis, L Steffan, JS Steinkasserer, A Stenmark, H Sterneckert, J Stevens, C Stoka, V Storch, S Stork, B Strappazzon, F Strohecker, AM Stupack, DG Su, H Su, L-Y Su, L Suarez-Fontes, AM Subauste, CS Subbian, S Subirada, PV Sudhandiran, G Sue, CM Sui, X Summers, C Sun, G Sun, J Sun, K Sun, M-X Sun, Q Sun, Y Sun, Z Sunahara, KKS Sundberg, E Susztak, K Sutovsky, P Suzuki, H Sweeney, G Symons, JD Sze, SCW Szewczyk, NJ Tabęcka-Łonczynska, A Tabolacci, C Tacke, F Taegtmeyer, H Tafani, M Tagaya, M Tai, H Tait, SWG Takahashi, Y Takats, S Talwar, P Tam, C Tam, SY Tampellini, D Tamura, A Tan, CT Tan, E-K Tan, Y-Q Tanaka, M Tanaka, M Tang, D Tang, J Tang, T-S Tanida, I Tao, Z Taouis, M Tatenhorst, L Tavernarakis, N Taylor, A Taylor, GA Taylor, JM Tchetina, E Tee, AR Tegeder, I Teis, D Teixeira, N Teixeira-Clerc, F Tekirdag, KA Tencomnao, T Tenreiro, S Tepikin, AV Testillano, PS Tettamanti, G Tharaux, P-L Thedieck, K Thekkinghat, AA Thellung, S Thinwa, JW Thirumalaikumar, VP Thomas, SM Thomes, PG Thorburn, A Thukral, L Thum, T Thumm, M Tian, L Tichy, A Till, A Timmerman, V Titorenko, VI Todi, SV Todorova, K Toivonen, JM Tomaipitinca, L Tomar, D Tomas-Zapico, C Tomić, S Tong, BC-K Tong, C Tong, X Tooze, SA Torgersen, ML Torii, S Torres-López, L Torriglia, A Towers, CG Towns, R Toyokuni, S Trajkovic, V Tramontano, D Tran, Q-G Travassos, LH Trelford, CB Tremel, S Trougakos, IP Tsao, BP Tschan, MP Tse, H-F Tse, TF Tsugawa, H Tsvetkov, AS Tumbarello, DA Tumtas, Y Tuñón, MJ Turcotte, S Turk, B Turk, V Turner, BJ Tuxworth, RI Tyler, JK Tyutereva, EV Uchiyama, Y Ugun-Klusek, A Uhlig, HH Ułamek-Kozioł, M Ulasov, IV Umekawa, M Ungermann, C Unno, R Urbe, S Uribe-Carretero, E Üstün, S Uversky, VN Vaccari, T Vaccaro, MI Vahsen, BF Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H Valdor, R Valente, MJ Valko, A Vallee, RB Valverde, AM Van den Berghe, G van der Veen, S Van Kaer, L van Loosdregt, J van Wijk, SJL Vandenberghe, W Vanhorebeek, I Vannier-Santos, MA Vannini, N Vanrell, MC Vantaggiato, C Varano, G Varela-Nieto, I Varga, M Vasconcelos, MH Vats, S Vavvas, DG Vega-Naredo, I Vega-Rubin-de-Celis, S Velasco, G Velázquez, AP Vellai, T Vellenga, E Velotti, F Verdier, M Verginis, P Vergne, I Verkade, P Verma, M Verstreken, P Vervliet, T Vervoorts, J Vessoni, AT Victor, VM Vidal, M Vidoni, C Vieira, OV Vierstra, RD Viganó, S Vihinen, H Vijayan, V Vila, M Vilar, M Villalba, JM Villalobo, A Villarejo-Zori, B Villarroya, F Villarroya, J Vincent, O Vindis, C Viret, C Viscomi, MT Visnjic, D Vitale, I Vocadlo, DJ Voitsekhovskaja, OV Volonté, C Volta, M Vomero, M Von Haefen, C Vooijs, MA Voos, W Vucicevic, L Wade-Martins, R Waguri, S Waite, KA Wakatsuki, S Walker, DW Walker, MJ Walker, SA Walter, J Wandosell, FG Wang, B Wang, C-Y Wang, C Wang, C Wang, C Wang, C-Y Wang, D Wang, F Wang, F Wang, F Wang, G Wang, H Wang, H Wang, H Wang, H-G Wang, J Wang, J Wang, J Wang, J Wang, K Wang, L Wang, L Wang, MH Wang, M Wang, N Wang, P Wang, P Wang, P Wang, P Wang, QJ Wang, Q Wang, QK Wang, QA Wang, W-T Wang, W Wang, X Wang, X Wang, Y Wang, Y Wang, Y Wang, Y-Y Wang, Y Wang, Y Wang, Y Wang, Y Wang, Z Wang, Z Wang, Z Warnes, G Warnsmann, V Watada, H Watanabe, E Watchon, M Wawrzyńska, A Weaver, TE Wegrzyn, G Wehman, AM Wei, H Wei, L Wei, T Wei, Y Weiergräber, OH Weihl, CC Weindl, G Weiskirchen, R Wells, A Wen, RH Wen, X Werner, A Weykopf, B Wheatley, SP Whitton, JL Whitworth, AJ Wiktorska, K Wildenberg, ME Wileman, T Wilkinson, S Willbold, D Williams, B Williams, RSB Williams, RL Williamson, PR Wilson, RA Winner, B Winsor, NJ Witkin, SS Wodrich, H Woehlbier, U Wollert, T Wong, E Wong, JH Wong, RW Wong, VKW Wong, WW-L Wu, A-G Wu, C Wu, J Wu, J Wu, KK Wu, M Wu, S-Y Wu, S Wu, S-Y Wu, S Wu, WKK Wu, X Wu, X Wu, Y-W Wu, Y Xavier, RJ Xia, H Xia, L Xia, Z Xiang, G Xiang, J Xiang, M Xiang, W Xiao, B Xiao, G Xiao, H Xiao, H-T Xiao, J Xiao, L Xiao, S Xiao, Y Xie, B Xie, C-M Xie, M Xie, Y Xie, Z Xie, Z Xilouri, M Xu, C Xu, E Xu, H Xu, J Xu, J Xu, L Xu, WW Xu, X Xue, Y Yakhine-Diop, SMS Yamaguchi, M Yamaguchi, O Yamamoto, A Yamashina, S Yan, S Yan, S-J Yan, Z Yanagi, Y Yang, C Yang, D-S Yang, H Yang, H-T Yang, H Yang, J-M Yang, J Yang, J Yang, L Yang, L Yang, M Yang, P-M Yang, Q Yang, S Yang, S Yang, S-F Yang, W Yang, WY Yang, X Yang, X Yang, Y Yang, Y Yao, H Yao, S Yao, X Yao, Y-G Yao, Y-M Yasui, T Yazdankhah, M Yen, PM Yi, C Yin, X-M Yin, Y Yin, Z Yin, Z Ying, M Ying, Z Yip, CK Yiu, SPT Yoo, YH Yoshida, K Yoshii, SR Yoshimori, T Yousefi, B Yu, B Yu, H Yu, J Yu, J Yu, L Yu, M-L Yu, S-W Yu, VC Yu, WH Yu, Z Yu, Z Yuan, J Yuan, L-Q Yuan, S Yuan, S-SF Yuan, Y Yuan, Z Yue, J Yue, Z Yun, J Yung, RL Zacks, DN Zaffagnini, G Zambelli, VO Zanella, I Zang, QS Zanivan, S Zappavigna, S Zaragoza, P Zarbalis, KS Zarebkohan, A Zarrouk, A Zeitlin, SO Zeng, J Zeng, J-D Žerovnik, E Zhan, L Zhang, B Zhang, DD Zhang, H Zhang, H Zhang, H Zhang, H Zhang, H Zhang, H Zhang, H Zhang, H-L Zhang, J Zhang, J Zhang, J-P Zhang, KYB Zhang, LW Zhang, L Zhang, L Zhang, L Zhang, L Zhang, M Zhang, P Zhang, S Zhang, W Zhang, X Zhang, X-W Zhang, X Zhang, X Zhang, X Zhang, X Zhang, XD Zhang, Y Zhang, Y Zhang, Y Zhang, Y-D Zhang, Y Zhang, Y-Y Zhang, Y Zhang, Z Zhang, Z Zhang, Z Zhang, Z Zhang, Z Zhang, Z Zhao, H Zhao, L Zhao, S Zhao, T Zhao, X-F Zhao, Y Zhao, Y Zhao, Y Zhao, Y Zheng, G Zheng, K Zheng, L Zheng, S Zheng, X-L Zheng, Y Zheng, Z-G Zhivotovsky, B Zhong, Q Zhou, A Zhou, B Zhou, C Zhou, G Zhou, H Zhou, H Zhou, H Zhou, J Zhou, J Zhou, J Zhou, J Zhou, K Zhou, R Zhou, X-J Zhou, Y Zhou, Y Zhou, Y Zhou, Z-Y Zhou, Z Zhu, B Zhu, C Zhu, G-Q Zhu, H Zhu, H Zhu, H Zhu, W-G Zhu, Y Zhu, Y Zhuang, H Zhuang, X Zientara-Rytter, K Zimmermann, CM Ziviani, E Zoladek, T Zong, W-X Zorov, DB Zorzano, A Zou, W Zou, Z Zou, Z Zuryn, S Zwerschke, W Brand-Saberi, B Dong, XC Kenchappa, CS Li, Z Lin, Y Oshima, S Rong, Y Sluimer, JC Stallings, CL Tong, C-K
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	© 2021 Taylor & Francis. This is an author-produced version of a paper subsequently published in Autophagy. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
Keywords:	Autophagosome; LC3; cancer; flux; lysosome; macroautophagy; neurodegeneration; phagophore; stress; vacuole
Dates:	Published (online): 8 February 2021 Published: 8 February 2021
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > School of Biosciences (Sheffield) > Department of Biomedical Science (Sheffield)
Funding Information:	Funder Grant number WELLCOME TRUST (THE) 105570/Z/14/Z
Depositing User:	Symplectic Sheffield
Date Deposited:	01 Mar 2021 11:29
Last Modified:	06 Apr 2025 21:38
Published Version:	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15548...
Status:	Published
Publisher:	Taylor and Francis
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280
Related URLs:	PubMed URL
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:171641

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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition).

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