Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

Abstract

On 2017 August 17 a binary neutron star coalescence candidate (later designated GW170817) with merger time 12:41:04 UTC was observed through gravitational waves by the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor independently detected a gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) with a time delay of $\sim 1.7\,{\rm{s}}$ with respect to the merger time. From the gravitational-wave signal, the source was initially localized to a sky region of 31 deg2 at a luminosity distance of ${40}_{-8}^{+8}$ Mpc and with component masses consistent with neutron stars. The component masses were later measured to be in the range 0.86 to 2.26 $\,{M}_{\odot }$. An extensive observing campaign was launched across the electromagnetic spectrum leading to the discovery of a bright optical transient (SSS17a, now with the IAU identification of AT 2017gfo) in NGC 4993 (at $\sim 40\,{\rm{Mpc}}$) less than 11 hours after the merger by the One-Meter, Two Hemisphere (1M2H) team using the 1 m Swope Telescope. The optical transient was independently detected by multiple teams within an hour. Subsequent observations targeted the object and its environment. Early ultraviolet observations revealed a blue transient that faded within 48 hours. Optical and infrared observations showed a redward evolution over ~10 days. Following early non-detections, X-ray and radio emission were discovered at the transient's position $\sim 9$ and $\sim 16$ days, respectively, after the merger. Both the X-ray and radio emission likely arise from a physical process that is distinct from the one that generates the UV/optical/near-infrared emission. No ultra-high-energy gamma-rays and no neutrino candidates consistent with the source were found in follow-up searches. These observations support the hypothesis that GW170817 was produced by the merger of two neutron stars in NGC 4993 followed by a short gamma-ray burst (GRB 170817A) and a kilonova/macronova powered by the radioactive decay of r-process nuclei synthesized in the ejecta.

Metadata

Item Type:	Article
Authors/Creators:	Abbott, BP Abbott, R Abbott, TD Acernese, F Ackley, K Adams, C Adams, T Addesso, P Adhikari, RX Adya, VB Affeldt, C Afrough, M Agarwal, B Agathos, M Agatsuma, K Aggarwal, N Aguiar, OD Aiello, L Ain, A Ajith, P Allen, B Allen, G Allocca, A Altin, PA Amato, A Ananyeva, A Anderson, SB Anderson, WG Angelova, SV Antier, S Appert, S Arai, K Araya, MC Areeda, JS Arnaud, N Arun, KG Ascenzi, S Ashton, G Ast, M Aston, SM Astone, P Atallah, DV Aufmuth, P Aulbert, C AultONeal, K Austin, C Avila-Alvarez, A Babak, S Bacon, P Bader, MKM Bae, S Baker, PT Baldaccini, F Ballardin, G Ballmer, SW Banagiri, S Barayoga, JC Barclay, SE Barish, BC Barker, D Barkett, K Barone, F Barr, B Barsotti, L Barsuglia, M Barta, D Barthelmy, SD Bartlett, J Bartos, I Bassiri, R Basti, A Batch, JC Bawaj, M Bayley, JC Bazzan, M Bécsy, B Beer, C Bejger, M Belahcene, I Bell, AS Berger, BK Bergmann, G Bero, JJ Berry, CPL Bersanetti, D Bertolini, A Betzwieser, J Bhagwat, S Bhandare, R Bilenko, IA Billingsley, G Billman, CR Birch, J Birney, R Birnholtz, O Biscans, S Biscoveanu, S Bisht, A Bitossi, M Biwer, C Bizouard, MA Blackburn, JK Blackman, J Blair, CD Blair, DG Blair, RM Bloemen, S Bock, O Bode, N Boer, M Bogaert, G Bohe, A Bondu, F Bonilla, E Bonnand, R Boom, BA Bork, R Boschi, V Bose, S Bossie, K Bouffanais, Y Bozzi, A Bradaschia, C Brady, PR Branchesi, M Brau, JE Briant, T Brillet, A Brinkmann, M Brisson, V Brockill, P Broida, JE Brooks, AF Brown, DA Brown, DD Brunett, S Buchanan, CC Buikema, A Bulik, T Bulten, HJ Buonanno, A Buskulic, D Buy, C Byer, RL Cabero, M Cadonati, L Cagnoli, G Cahillane, C Bustillo, JC Callister, TA Calloni, E Camp, JB Canepa, M Canizares, P Cannon, KC Cao, H Cao, J Capano, CD Capocasa, E Carbognani, F Caride, S Carney, MF Diaz, JC Casentini, C Caudill, S Cavaglià, M Cavalier, F Cavalieri, R Cella, G Cepeda, CB Cerdá-Durán, P Cerretani, G Cesarini, E Chamberlin, SJ Chan, M Chao, S Charlton, P Chase, E Chassande-Mottin, E Chatterjee, D Chatziioannou, K Cheeseboro, BD Chen, HY Chen, X Chen, Y Cheng, H-P Chia, H Chincarini, A Chiummo, A Chmiel, T Cho, HS Cho, M Chow, JH Christensen, N Chu, Q Chua, AJK Chua, S Chung, AKW Chung, S Ciani, G Ciolfi, R Cirelli, CE Cirone, A Clara, F Clark, JA Clearwater, P Cleva, F Cocchieri, C Coccia, E Cohadon, P-F Cohen, D Colla, A Collette, CG Cominsky, LR Jr., MC Conti, L Cooper, SJ Corban, P Corbitt, TR Cordero-Carrión, I Corley, KR Cornish, N Corsi, A Cortese, S Costa, CA Coughlin, MW Coughlin, SB Coulon, J-P Countryman, ST Couvares, P Covas, PB Cowan, EE Coward, DM Cowart, MJ Coyne, DC Coyne, R Creighton, JDE Creighton, TD Cripe, J Crowder, SG Cullen, TJ Cumming, A Cunningham, L Cuoco, E Canton, TD Dálya, G Danilishin, SL D’Antonio, S Danzmann, K Dasgupta, A Da Silva Costa, CF Dattilo, V Dave, I Davier, M Davis, D Daw, EJ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-5430 Day, B De, S DeBra, D Degallaix, J Laurentis, MD Deléglise, S Pozzo, WD Demos, N Denker, T Dent, T Pietri, RD Dergachev, V Rosa, RD DeRosa, RT 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Alvarez Castillo, J Alvarez-Muñiz, J Anastasi, GA Anchordoqui, L Andrada, B Andringa, S Aramo, C Arsene, N Asorey, H Assis, P Avila, G Badescu, AM Balaceanu, A Barbato, F Barreira Luz, RJ Becker, KH Bellido, JA Berat, C Bertaina, ME Bertou, X Biermann, PL Biteau, J Blaess, SG Blanco, A Blazek, J Bleve, C Boháčová, M Bonifazi, C Borodai, N Botti, AM Brack, J Brancus, I Bretz, T Bridgeman, A Briechle, FL Buchholz, P Bueno, A Buitink, S Buscemi, M Caballero-Mora, KS Caccianiga, L Cancio, A Canfora, F Caruso, R Castellina, A Catalani, F Cataldi, G Cazon, L Chavez, AG Chinellato, JA Chudoba, J Clay, RW Cobos Cerutti, AC Colalillo, R Coleman, A Collica, L Coluccia, MR Conceição, R Consolati, G Contreras, F Cooper, MJ Coutu, S Covault, CE Cronin, J D'Amico, S Daniel, B Dasso, S Daumiller, K Dawson, BR Day, JA Almeida, RMD Jong, SJD Mauro, GD de Mello Neto, JRT Mitri, ID Oliveira, JD Souza, VD Debatin, J Deligny, O Díaz Castro, ML Diogo, F Dobrigkeit, C D'Olivo, JC Dorosti, Q Dos Anjos, RC Dova, MT Dundovic, A Ebr, J Engel, R Erdmann, M Erfani, M Escobar, CO Espadanal, J Etchegoyen, A Falcke, H Farmer, J Farrar, G Fauth, AC Fazzini, N Feldbusch, F Fenu, F Fick, B Figueira, JM Filipčič, A Freire, MM Fujii, T Fuster, A Gaïor, R García, B Gaté, F Gemmeke, H Gherghel-Lascu, A Ghia, PL Giaccari, U Giammarchi, M Giller, M Głas, D Glaser, C Golup, G Gómez Berisso, M Gómez Vitale, PF González, N Gorgi, A Gottowik, M Grillo, AF Grubb, TD Guarino, F Guedes, GP Halliday, R Hampel, MR Hansen, P Harari, D Harrison, TA Harvey, VM Haungs, A Hebbeker, T Heck, D Heimann, P Herve, AE Hill, GC Hojvat, C Holt, E Homola, P Hörandel, JR Horvath, P Hrabovský, M Huege, T Hulsman, J Insolia, A Isar, PG Jandt, I Johnsen, JA Josebachuili, M Jurysek, J Kääpä, A Kampert, KH Keilhauer, B Kemmerich, N Kemp, J Kieckhafer, RM Klages, HO Kleifges, M Kleinfeller, J Krause, R Krohm, N Kuempel, D Kukec Mezek, G Kunka, N Kuotb Awad, A Lago, BL LaHurd, D Lang, RG Lauscher, M Legumina, R Leigui de Oliveira, MA 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Galicia, JF Valiño, I Valore, L Aar, GV Bodegom, PV van den Berg, AM Vliet, AV Varela, E Cárdenas, BV Vázquez, RA Veberič, D Ventura, C Vergara Quispe, ID Verzi, V Vicha, J Villaseñor, L Vorobiov, S Wahlberg, H Wainberg, O Walz, D Watson, AA Weber, M Weindl, A Wiedeński, M Wiencke, L Wilczyński, H Wirtz, M Wittkowski, D Wundheiler, B Yang, L Yushkov, A Zas, E Zavrtanik, D Zavrtanik, M Zepeda, A Zimmermann, B Ziolkowski, M Zong, Z Zuccarello, F Kim, S Schulze, S Bauer, FE Corral-Santana, JM de Gregorio-Monsalvo, I González-López, J Hartmann, DH Ishwara-Chandra, CH Martín, S Mehner, A Misra, K Michałowski, MJ Resmi, L Paragi, Z Agudo, I An, T Beswick, R Casadio, C Frey, S Jonker, P Kettenis, M Marcote, B Moldon, J Szomoru, A van Langevelde, HJ Yang, J Cwiek, A Cwiok, M Czyrkowski, H Dabrowski, R Kasprowicz, G Mankiewicz, L Nawrocki, K Opiela, R Piotrowski, LW Wrochna, G Zaremba, M Żarnecki, AF Haggard, D Nynka, M Ruan, JJ Bland, PA Booler, T Devillepoix, HAR Gois, JSD Hancock, PJ Howie, RM Paxman, J Sansom, EK Towner, MC Tonry, J Coughlin, M Stubbs, CW Denneau, L Heinze, A Stalder, B Weiland, H Eatough, RP Kramer, M Kraus, A Troja, E Piro, L González, JB Butler, NR Fox, OD Khandrika, HG Kutyrev, A Lee, WH Ricci, R Ryan Jr., RE Sánchez-Ramírez, R Veilleux, S Watson, AM Wieringa, MH Burgess, JM Eerten, HV Fontes, CJ Fryer, CL Korobkin, O Wollaeger, RT Camilo, F Foley, AR Goedhart, S Makhathini, S Oozeer, N Smirnov, OM Fender, RP Woudt, PA
Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information:	Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Keywords:	gravitational waves; stars: neutron
Dates:	Published: 16 October 2017 Published (online): 20 October 2017 Accepted: 6 October 2017
Institution:	The University of Sheffield
Academic Units:	The University of Sheffield > Faculty of Science (Sheffield) > Department of Physics and Astronomy (Sheffield)
Depositing User:	Symplectic Sheffield
Date Deposited:	31 Oct 2018 16:35
Last Modified:	04 Jul 2024 02:18
Status:	Published
Publisher:	American Astronomical Society
Refereed:	Yes
Identification Number:	10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9
Open Archives Initiative ID (OAI ID):	oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:137937

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Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger

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