Deciphering the origin of the Cenozoic intracontinental rifting and volcanism in eastern China using integrated evidence from the Jianghan Basin

Intracontinental rifting and low-volume volcanism are a globally common phenomenon, yet the underlying driving mechanisms and whether they can be explained through classic plate tectonic concepts, remain hotly debated. A prominent example is the Cenozoic rift and volcanic province in eastern China. Using an integration of geological, geophysical and geochemical data, we unravel the spatial and temporal variations of the rifting and volcanism in the Jianghan Basin. Both rifting and volcanism in the Jianghan Basin show two intense-to-weak cycles (65–50 Ma and 50–26 Ma, respectively) with significant enhancement in activity during the late rift phase. Moreover, rifting and depocentres progressively migrated eastward. The Jianghan basalts all share an asthenospheric origin while the source of the late phase basalts is slightly more enriched and heterogenous in Nd-Hf isotopes than that of the early phase basalts. The late phase basalts also display a smaller extent of partial melting even under a thinner lithosphere, likely indicating a significant decrease of volatile content in the mantle source. Based on regional tectonic correlations, the main stages of tectonic evolution of the Jianghan Basin and eastern China are not synchronous with changes in Pacific plate motion, while they are coincident with India-Asia collision processes. These observations lead us to propose that the asthenospheric flow driven by India-Asia collision rather than the rollback of the subducted Pacific slab has caused the widespread rifting and volcanism in eastern China. The variations of rifting and volcanism in the Jianghan Basin suggest a multiphase and eastward asthenospheric flow beneath eastern China driven by India-Asia collision, with an intense upwelling when passing through the North-South Gravity Lineament (NSGL). The much more intense rifting and volcanism during the late rift phase may indicate a much larger scale of volatile-poor asthenospheric flow than the early rift phase which could result in a more intense erosion of ancient enriched lithospheric mantle and the volatile content in the mantle source dropping sharply. This study provides an improved model based on our multidisciplinary observations for asthenospheric flow which may be an alternative driving mechanism for intracontinental rifting and low-volume volcanism in the regions where there are step changes in lithospheric thickness globally.