Inorganic anions as retarders for deep borehole disposal grouts

Deep borehole disposal (DBD) provides an alternative to comparatively shallow mined repository concepts for many high-level radioactive wastes. Filling the annular space around the waste containers with cement grout will support them during placement and seal against ingress of groundwater. The elevated temperature and pressure (∼120°C and 50 MPa) will cause acceleration of grout thickening and setting, so retardation is required. The DBD Research Group at The University of Sheffield has developed grouts based on class G oil well cement that use organic retarders, but their presence may increase the solubility of any radionuclides released from the waste packages. New DBD grout formulations using sodium phosphate and sodium borate as inorganic retarders are reported in this paper. To place the wet grout, the onset of thickening needs to be delayed for at least 4 h. Sodium borate was found to provide this retardation at 90°C (0·75% addition) and nearly retarded sufficiently at 120°C (1% addition). Sodium phosphate did not provide sufficient retardation at either temperature. Neither compounds influenced the phases formed, but may suppress the crystallisation of calcium silicate hydrates. This work demonstrates that the performance of these inorganic materials in this application is inferior to that of organic retarders.