Horbaczewskyj, Christopher S. and Fairlamb, Ian J.S. orcid.org/0000-0002-7555-2761 (2022) Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings : On the Importance of the Catalyst Quantity Descriptors, mol % and ppm. Organic Process Research and Development. 2240–2269. ISSN 1083-6160
Abstract
This Review examines parts per million (ppm) palladium concentrations in catalytic cross-coupling reactions and their relationship with mole percentage (mol %). Most studies in catalytic cross-coupling chemistry have historically focused on the concentration ratio between (pre)catalyst and the limiting reagent (substrate), expressed as mol %. Several recent papers have outlined the use of "ppm level"palladium as an alternative means of describing catalytic cross-coupling reaction systems. This led us to delve deeper into the literature to assess whether "ppm level"palladium is a practically useful descriptor of catalyst quantities in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Indeed, we conjectured that many reactions could, unknowingly, have employed low "ppm levels"of palladium (pre)catalyst, and generally, what would the spread of ppm palladium look like across a selection of studies reported across the vast array of the cross-coupling chemistry literature. In a few selected examples, we have examined other metal catalyst systems for comparison with palladium.
Metadata
Item Type: | Article | ||||
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Copyright, Publisher and Additional Information: | © 2022 The Authors. |
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Keywords: | Buchwald-Hartwig amination cross-coupling, catalysis, cross-coupling, cyanation, direct arylation, Heck, Kumada, Negishi, palladium, ppm palladium, quantification, Sonogashira, Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, synthesis | ||||
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Institution: | The University of York | ||||
Academic Units: | The University of York > Faculty of Sciences (York) > Chemistry (York) | ||||
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Depositing User: | Pure (York) | ||||
Date Deposited: | 30 Aug 2022 15:20 | ||||
Last Modified: | 22 Apr 2024 23:21 | ||||
Published Version: | https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051 | ||||
Status: | Published | ||||
Refereed: | Yes | ||||
Identification Number: | https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00051 | ||||
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