Boundary observers for a reaction–diffusion system under time-delayed and sampled-data measurements

We construct finite-dimensional observers for a one-dimensional reaction-diffusion system with boundary measurements subject to time-delays and data sampling. The system has a finite number of unstable modes approximated by a Luenberger-type observer. The remaining modes vanish exponentially. For a given reaction coefficient, we show how many modes one should use to achieve a desired rate of convergence. The finite-dimensional part is analyzed using appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals that lead to linear matrix inequalitie (LMI)-based convergence conditions feasible for small enough time-delay and sampling period. The LMIs can be used to find appropriate injection gains.