Interference of axially-shifted Laguerre–Gaussian beams and their interaction with atoms

Counter-propagating co-axial Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams are considered, not in the familiar scenario where the focal planes coincide at z = 0, but when they are separated by a finite axial distance d. The simplest case is where both beams are doughnut beams which have the same linear polarisation. The total fields of this system are shown to display novel amplitude and phase distributions and are shown to give rise to a ring or a finite ring lattice composed of double rings and single central ring. When the beams have slightly different frequencies the ring lattice pattern becomes a finite set of rotating Ferris wheels and the whole pattern also moves axially between the focal planes. We show that the fields of such an axially shifted pair of counter-propagating LG beams generate trapping potentials due to the dipole force which can trap two-level atoms in the components of the ring lattice. We also highlight a unique feature of this system which involves the creation of a new longitudinal optical atom trapping potential due to the scattering force which arises solely when $d\ne 0$. The results are illustrated using realistic parameters which also confirm the importance of the Gouy and curvature effects in determining the ring separation both radially and axially and gives rise to the possibility of atom tunnelling between components of the double rings.