2024-03-28T21:56:25Z
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/cgi/oai2
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:16
2014-06-05T20:54:45Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464345:536865666669656C642E4D4154
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/16/
Recruitment, augmentation and apoptosis of rat osteoclasts in 1,25-(OH)2D3 response to short-term treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3in vivo
Miao, Dengshun
Scutt, Andrew
RC Internal medicine
Background
Although much is known about the regulation of osteoclast (OC) formation and activity, little is known about OC senescence. In particular, the fate of of OC seen after 1,25-(OH)2D3 administration in vivo is unclear. There is evidence that the normal fate of OC is to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death). We have investigated the effect of short-term application of high dose 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) on OC apoptosis in an experimental rat model.
Methods
OC recruitment, augmentation and apoptosis was visualised and quantitated by staining histochemically for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), double staining for TRAP/ED1 or TRAP/DAPI, in situ DNA fragmentation end labelling and histomorphometric analysis.
Results
Short-term treatment with high-dose 1,25-(OH)2D3 increased the recruitment of OC precursors in the bone marrow resulting in a short-lived increase in OC numbers. This was rapidly followed by an increase in the number of apoptotic OC and their subsequent removal. The response of OC to 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment was dose and site dependent; higher doses producing stronger, more rapid responses and the response in the tibiae being consistently stronger and more rapid than in the vertebrae.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that (1) after recruitment, OC are removed from the resorption site by apoptosis (2) the combined use of TRAP and ED1 can be used to identify OC and their precursors in vivo (3) double staining for TRAP and DAPI or in situ DNA fragmentation end labelling can be used to identify apoptotic OC in vivo.
2002-06-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/16/1/1471-2474-3-16.pdf
Miao, Dengshun and Scutt, Andrew (2002) Recruitment, augmentation and apoptosis of rat osteoclasts in 1,25-(OH)2D3 response to short-term treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3in vivo. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 3 (16). ISSN 1471-2474
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/3/16
10.1186/1471-2474-3-16
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:18
2014-06-05T04:53:31Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E46434D:536865666669656C642E485252
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/18/
Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies
Shaw, R.L.
Booth, A.
Sutton, A.J.
Miller, T.
Smith, J.A.
Young, B.
Jones, D.R.
Dixon-Woods, M.
R Medicine (General)
BACKGROUND:
Qualitative research makes an important contribution to our understanding of health and healthcare. However, qualitative evidence can be difficult to search for and identify, and the effectiveness of different types of search strategies is unknown.
METHODS:
Three search strategies for qualitative research in the example area of support for breast-feeding were evaluated using six electronic bibliographic databases. The strategies were based on using thesaurus terms, free-text terms and broad-based terms. These strategies were combined with recognised search terms for support for breast-feeding previously used in a Cochrane review. For each strategy, we evaluated the recall (potentially relevant records found) and precision (actually relevant records found).
RESULTS:
A total yield of 7420 potentially relevant records was retrieved by the three strategies combined. Of these, 262 were judged relevant. Using one strategy alone would miss relevant records. The broad-based strategy had the highest recall and the thesaurus strategy the highest precision. Precision was generally poor: 96% of records initially identified as potentially relevant were deemed irrelevant. Searching for qualitative research involves trade-offs between recall and precision.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm that strategies that attempt to maximise the number of potentially relevant records found are likely to result in a large number of false positives. The findings also suggest that a range of search terms is required to optimise searching for qualitative evidence. This underlines the problems of current methods for indexing qualitative research in bibliographic databases and indicates where improvements need to be made.
2004
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/18/1/1471-2288-4-5.pdf
Shaw, R.L., Booth, A., Sutton, A.J. et al. (5 more authors) (2004) Finding qualitative research: an evaluation of search strategies. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 4 (5). ISSN 1471-2288
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2288/4/5
10.1186/1471-2288-4-5
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:20
2014-06-05T05:04:05Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464350:536865666669656C642E424953:536865666669656C642E4D4242
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/20/
Novel mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Iranian women with early-onset breast cancer
Yassaee, Vahid R.
Zeinali, Sirous
Harirchi, Iraj
Jarvandi, Soghra
Mohagheghi, Mohammad A.
Hornby, David P.
Dalton, Ann
RA Public aspects of medicine
RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer)
BACKGROUND:
Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy and a major cause of death in middle-aged women. So far, germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in patients with early-onset breast and/or ovarian cancer have not been identified within the Iranian population.
METHODS:
With the collaboration of two main centres for cancer in Iran, we obtained clinical information, family history and peripheral blood from 83 women under the age of 45 with early-onset breast cancer for scanning of germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. We analysed BRCA1 exons 11 and BRCA2 exons 10 and 11 by the protein truncation test, and BRCA1 exons 2, 3, 5, 13 and 20 and BRCA2 exons 9, 17, 18 and 23 with the single-strand conformation polymorphism assay on genomic DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS:
Ten sequence variants were identified: five frameshifts (putative mutations – four novel); three missense changes of unknown significance and two polymorphisms, one seen commonly in both Iranian and British populations.
CONCLUSIONS
Identification of these novel mutations suggests that any given population should develop a mutation database for its programme of breast cancer screening. The pattern of mutations seen in the BRCA genes seems not to differ from other populations studied. Early-onset breast cancer (less than 45 years) and a limited family history is sufficient to justify mutation screening with a detection rate of over 25% in this group, whereas sporadic early-onset breast cancer (detection rate less than 5%) is unlikely to be cost-effective.
2002-04-16
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/20/1/bcr443.pdf
Yassaee, Vahid R., Zeinali, Sirous, Harirchi, Iraj et al. (4 more authors) (2002) Novel mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Iranian women with early-onset breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research, 4 (4). ISSN 1465-542X
http://breast-cancer-research.com/content/4/4/R6
10.1186/bcr443
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:21
2014-06-05T23:55:32Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464350:536865666669656C642E424953:536865666669656C642E4D4242
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/21/
Staphylococcal peptidoglycans induce arthritis
Liu, Zai-Qing
Deng, Guo-Min
Foster, Simon
Tarkowski, Andrej
QR180 Immunology
RB Pathology
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens in septic arthritis. To analyse the arthritogenic properties of staphylococcal peptidoglycan (PGN), highly purified PGN from S. aureus was intra-articularly injected into murine joints. The results demonstrate that PGN will trigger arthritis in a dose-dependent manner. A single injection of this compound leads to massive infiltration of predominantly macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells with occasional signs of cartilage and/or bone destruction, lasting for at least 14 days. Further studies showed that this condition is mediated by the combined impact of acquired and innate immune systems. Our results indicate that PGN exerts a central role in joint inflammation triggered by S. aureus.
2001-09-17
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/21/1/ar330.pdf
Liu, Zai-Qing, Deng, Guo-Min, Foster, Simon et al. (1 more author) (2001) Staphylococcal peptidoglycans induce arthritis. Arthritis Research and Therapy, 3 (6). pp. 375-380. ISSN 1478-6354
http://arthritis-research.com/content/3/6/375
10.1186/ar330
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:22
2014-06-09T05:44:27Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E46434D:536865666669656C642E485252:536865666669656C642E48434D
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/22/
Sample size and power estimation for studies with health related quality of life outcomes: a comparison of four methods using the SF-36
Walters, Stephen J.
RA Public aspects of medicine
We describe and compare four different methods for estimating sample size and power, when the primary outcome of the study is a Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) measure. These methods are: 1. assuming a Normal distribution and comparing two means; 2. using a non-parametric method; 3. Whitehead's method based on the proportional odds model; 4. the bootstrap. We illustrate the various methods, using data from the SF-36. For simplicity this paper deals with studies designed to compare the effectiveness (or superiority) of a new treatment compared to a standard treatment at a single point in time. The results show that if the HRQoL outcome has a limited number of discrete values (< 7) and/or the expected proportion of cases at the boundaries is high (scoring 0 or 100), then we would recommend using Whitehead's method (Method 3). Alternatively, if the HRQoL outcome has a large number of distinct values and the proportion at the boundaries is low, then we would recommend using Method 1. If a pilot or historical dataset is readily available (to estimate the shape of the distribution) then bootstrap simulation (Method 4) based on this data will provide a more accurate and reliable sample size estimate than conventional methods (Methods 1, 2, or 3). In the absence of a reliable pilot set, bootstrapping is not appropriate and conventional methods of sample size estimation or simulation will need to be used. Fortunately, with the increasing use of HRQoL outcomes in research, historical datasets are becoming more readily available. Strictly speaking, our results and conclusions only apply to the SF-36 outcome measure. Further empirical work is required to see whether these results hold true for other HRQoL outcomes. However, the SF-36 has many features in common with other HRQoL outcomes: multi-dimensional, ordinal or discrete response categories with upper and lower bounds, and skewed distributions, so therefore, we believe these results and conclusions using the SF-36 will be appropriate for other HRQoL measures.
2004-05-25
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/22/1/1477-7525-2-26.pdf
Walters, Stephen J. (2004) Sample size and power estimation for studies with health related quality of life outcomes: a comparison of four methods using the SF-36. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2 (26). ISSN 1477-7525
http://www.hqlo.com/content/2/1/26
10.1186/1477-7525-2-26
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:24
2014-06-06T09:02:52Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E46434D:536865666669656C642E4D4544:536865666669656C642E4E4748:536865666669656C642E435343
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/24/
Possible attenuation of the G2 DNA damage cell cycle checkpoint in HeLa cells by extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields
Harris, Paul A.
Lamb, Justin
Heaton, Brian
Wheatley, Denys N.
BACKGROUND:
The issue remains unresolved as to whether low frequency magnetic fields can affect cell behaviour, with the possibility that they may be in part responsible for the increased incidence of leukaemia in parts of the population exposed to them.
METHODS:
Combined treatment of HeLa cells with gamma-irradiation (1, 3 and 5 Grays) and extra low frequency magnetic fields of ~50 Hz was carried out under rigorously controlled conditions.
RESULTS:
Synchronised cells progressing from S-phase arrived at mitosis on average marginally ahead of irradiation controls not exposed to ELF. In no instance out of a total of twenty separate experiments did this "double-insult" further delay entry of cells into mitosis, as had been anticipated.
CONCLUSION:
This apparently "non-genotoxic" agent (ELF) appears to be capable of affecting cells that would normally arrest for longer in G2, suggesting a weakening of the stringency of the late cycle (G2) checkpoint.
2002-05-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/24/1/1475-2867-2-3.pdf
Harris, Paul A., Lamb, Justin, Heaton, Brian et al. (1 more author) (2002) Possible attenuation of the G2 DNA damage cell cycle checkpoint in HeLa cells by extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields. Cancer Cell International, 2 (3). ISSN 1475-2867
http://www.cancerci.com/content/2/1/3
10.1186/1475-2867-2-3
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:25
2014-06-07T01:16:08Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E46434D:536865666669656C642E485252:536865666669656C642E48434D
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/25/
What is the relationship between the minimally important difference and health state utility values? The case of the SF-6D
Walters, S.J.
Brazier, J.E.
BACKGROUND:
The SF-6D is a new single summary preference-based measure of health derived from the SF-36. Empirical work is required to determine what is the smallest change in SF-6D scores that can be regarded as important and meaningful for health professionals, patients and other stakeholders.
OBJECTIVES:
To use anchor-based methods to determine the minimally important difference (MID) for the SF-6D for various datasets.
METHODS:
All responders to the original SF-36 questionnaire can be assigned an SF-6D score provided the 11 items used in the SF-6D have been completed. The SF-6D can be regarded as a continuous outcome scored on a 0.29 to 1.00 scale, with 1.00 indicating "full health".
Anchor-based methods examine the relationship between an health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measure and an independent measure (or anchor) to elucidate the meaning of a particular degree of change. One anchor-based approach uses an estimate of the MID, the difference in the QoL scale corresponding to a self-reported small but important change on a global scale. Patients were followed for a period of time, then asked, using question 2 of the SF-36 as our global rating scale, (which is not part of the SF-6D), if there general health is much better (5), somewhat better (4), stayed the same (3), somewhat worse (2) or much worse (1) compared to the last time they were assessed. We considered patients whose global rating score was 4 or 2 as having experienced some change equivalent to the MID. In patients who reported a worsening of health (global change of 1 or 2) the sign of the change in the SF-6D score was reversed (i.e. multiplied by minus one). The MID was then taken as the mean change on the SF-6D scale of the patients who scored (2 or 4).
RESULTS:
This paper describes the MID for the SF-6D from seven longitudinal studies that had previously used the SF-36.
CONCLUSIONS:
From the seven reviewed studies (with nine patient groups) the MID for the SF-6D ranged from 0.010 to 0.048, with a weighted mean estimate of 0.033 (95% CI: 0.029 to 0.037). The corresponding Standardised Response Means (SRMs) ranged from 0.11 to 0.48, with a mean of 0.30 and were mainly in the "small to moderate" range using Cohen's criteria, supporting the MID results. Using the half-standard deviation (of change) approach the mean effect size was 0.051 (range 0.033 to 0.066). Further empirical work is required to see whether or not this holds true for other patient groups and populations.
2003-04-11
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/25/1/1477-7525-1-4.pdf
Walters, S.J. and Brazier, J.E. (2003) What is the relationship between the minimally important difference and health state utility values? The case of the SF-6D. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1 (4). ISSN 1477-7525
http://www.hqlo.com/content/1/1/4
10.1186/1477-7525-1-4
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:38
2014-06-04T18:40:11Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464345:536865666669656C642E4D4154
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/38/
EMD273316 & EMD95833, type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, stimulate fibroblastic-colony formation by bone marrow cells via direct inhibition of PDE4 and the induction of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis
Scutt, Andrew
Beier, Norbert
Fittschen, Claus
BACKGROUND:
Type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors have been shown to stimulate bone formation in vivo and to stimulate osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. As one possible mechanism for the stimulation of bone formation is the recruitment of osteoprogenitor cells from the bone marrow, we have investigated the effect of the PDE4 inhibitors EMD273316, EMD95833, EMD249615 and EMD 219906 on fibroblastic colony formation by whole bone marrow cells and on the ability of these colonies to adopt an osteoblastic phenotype.
RESULTS:
All four agents stimulated colony formation in a concentration dependent manner, however, in the case of EMD273316 & EMD95833, the effect was evident at lower concentrations and the addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was not necessary for maximal stimulation. It was subsequently found that co-incubation with indomethacin reduced the stimulatory effects of EMD273316 & EMD95833 but had no effect on the actions of EMD249615 and EMD 219906 and that EMD273316 & EMD95833 stimulated the synthesis of endogenous PGE2 by whole bone marrow cells whereas EMD249615 and EMD 219906 had no significant effect.
CONCLUSIONS:
These data suggest that EMD249615, EMD 219906, EMD273316 & EMD95833 can promote the recruitment of bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells leading to a stimulation of bone formation via their direct inhibitory effects on PDE4. The actions of EMD273316 & EMD95833 however, are augmented by their ability to stimulate endogenous prostanoids synthesis which acts synergistically with their direct effects on PDE4.
2004-06-25
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/38/1/1471-2210-4-10.pdf
Scutt, Andrew, Beier, Norbert and Fittschen, Claus (2004) EMD273316 & EMD95833, type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors, stimulate fibroblastic-colony formation by bone marrow cells via direct inhibition of PDE4 and the induction of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. BMC Pharmacology, 4 (10). ISSN 1471-2210
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2210/4/10
10.1186/1471-2210-4-10
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:58
2014-06-06T02:17:20Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464350:536865666669656C642E424953:536865666669656C642E415053
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/58/
Carbon loss by deciduous trees in a CO2-rich ancient polar environment
Royer, D.L.
Osborne, C.P.
Beerling, D.J.
Fossils demonstrate that deciduous forests covered the polar regions for much of the past 250 million years 1 when the climate was warm and atmospheric CO2 high 2. But the evolutionary significance of their deciduous character has remained a matter of conjecture for almost a century 3. The leading hypothesis 1,4-7 argues that it was an adaptation to photoperiod, allowing the avoidance of carbon losses by respiration from a canopy of leaves unable to photosynthesize in the darkness of warm polar winters 8-11. Here we test this proposal with experiments using 'living fossil' tree species grown in a simulated polar climate with and without CO2 enrichment. We show that the quantity of carbon lost annually by shedding a deciduous canopy is significantly greater than that lost by evergreen trees through wintertime respiration and leaf litter production, irrespective of growth CO2 concentration. Scaling up our experimental observations indicates that the greater expense of being deciduous persists in mature forests, even up to latitudes of 83 [degrees]N, where the duration of the polar winter exceeds five months. We therefore reject the carbon-loss hypothesis as an explanation for the deciduous nature of polar forests.
2003-07-03
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/58/1/osbornecp1.pdf
Royer, D.L., Osborne, C.P. and Beerling, D.J. (2003) Carbon loss by deciduous trees in a CO2-rich ancient polar environment. Nature, 424 (6944). pp. 60-62. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:59
2014-06-04T13:38:52Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464350:536865666669656C642E424953:536865666669656C642E415053
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/59/
Evolution of leaf-form in land plants linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the Late Palaeozoic era
Beerling, D.J.
Osborne, C.P.
Chaloner, W.G.
The widespread appearance of megaphyll leaves, with their branched veins and planate form, did not occur until the close of the Devonian period at about 360 Myr ago. This happened about 40 Myr after simple leafless vascular plants first colonized the land in the Late Silurian/Early Devonian, but the reason for the slow emergence of this common feature of present-day plants is presently unresolved. Here we show, in a series of quantitative analyses using fossil leaf characters and biophysical principles, that the delay was causally linked with a 90% drop in atmospheric pCO2 during the Late Palaeozoic era. In contrast to simulations for a typical Early Devonian land plant, possessing few stomata on leafless stems, those for a planate leaf with the same stomatal characteristics indicate that it would have suffered lethal overheating, because of greater interception of solar energy and low transpiration. When planate leaves first appeared in the Late Devonian and subsequently diversified in the Carboniferous period, they possessed substantially higher stomatal densities. This observation is consistent with the effects of the pCO2 on stomatal development and suggests that the evolution of planate leaves could only have occurred after an increase in stomatal density, allowing higher transpiration rates that were sufficient to maintain cool and viable leaf temperatures.
2001-03-15
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/59/1/osbornecp2.pdf
Beerling, D.J., Osborne, C.P. and Chaloner, W.G. (2001) Evolution of leaf-form in land plants linked to atmospheric CO2 decline in the Late Palaeozoic era. Nature, 410 (6826). pp. 287-394. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/35066546
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:61
2014-06-08T11:21:25Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464350:536865666669656C642E424953:536865666669656C642E415053
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/61/
Olive phenology as a sensitive indicator of future climatic warming in the Mediterranean
Osborne, C.P.
Chuine, I.
Viner, D.
Woodward, F.I.
Experimental and modelling work suggests a strong dependence of olive flowering date on spring temperatures. Since airborne pollen concentrations reflect the flowering phenology of olive populations within a radius of 50 km, they may be a sensitive regional indicator of climatic warming. We assessed this potential sensitivity with phenology models fitted to flowering dates inferred from maximum airborne pollen data. Of four models tested, a thermal time model gave the best fit for Montpellier, France, and was the most effective at the regional scale, providing reasonable predictions for 10 sites in the western Mediterranean. This model was forced with replicated future temperature simulations for the western Mediterranean from a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM). The GCM temperatures rose by 4·5 °C between 1990 and 2099 with a 1% per year increase in greenhouse gases, and modelled flowering date advanced at a rate of 6·2 d per °C. The results indicated that this long-term regional trend in phenology might be statistically significant as early as 2030, but with marked spatial variation in magnitude, with the calculated flowering date between the 1990s and 2030s advancing by 3–23 d. Future monitoring of airborne olive pollen may therefore provide an early biological indicator of climatic warming in the Mediterranean.
2000-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/61/1/osbornecp6.pdf
Osborne, C.P., Chuine, I., Viner, D. et al. (1 more author) (2000) Olive phenology as a sensitive indicator of future climatic warming in the Mediterranean. Plant, Cell & Environment, 23 (7). pp. 701-710. ISSN 0140-7791
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:62
2014-06-06T18:05:07Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464350:536865666669656C642E424953:536865666669656C642E415053
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/62/
Photosynthesis and conductance of spring-wheat leaves: field response to continuous free-air atmospheric CO2 enrichment
Garcia, R.L.
Long, S.P.
Wall, G.W.
Osborne, C.P.
Kimball, B.A.
Nie, G.Y.
Pinter, P.J.
Lamorte, R.L.
Wechsung, F.
Spring wheat was grown from emergence to grain maturity in two partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2): ambient air of nominally 37 Pa and air enriched with CO2 to 55 Pa using a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) apparatus. This experiment was the first of its kind to be conducted within a cereal field without the modifications or disturbance of microclimate and rooting environment that accompanied previous studies. It provided a unique opportunity to examine the hypothesis that continuous exposure of wheat to elevated pCO2 will lead to acclimatory loss of photosynthetic capacity. The diurnal courses of photosynthesis and conductance for upper canopy leaves were followed throughout the development of the crop and compared to model-predicted rates of photosynthesis. The seasonal average of midday photosynthesis rates was 28% greater in plants exposed to elevated pCO2 than in contols and the seasonal average of the daily integrals of photosynthesis was 21% greater in elevated pCO2 than in ambient air. The mean conductance at midday was reduced by 36%. The observed enhancement of photosynthesis in elevated pCO2 agreed closely with that predicted from a mechanistic biochemical model that assumed no acclimation of photosynthetic capacity. Measured values fell below predicted only in the flag leaves in the mid afternoon before the onset of grain-filling and over the whole diurnal course at the end of grain-filling. The loss of enhancement at this final stage was attributed to the earlier senescence of flag leaves in elevated pCO2. In contrast to some controlled-environment and field-enclosure studies, this field-scale study of wheat using free-air CO2 enrichment found little evidence of acclimatory loss of photosynthetic capacity with growth in elevated pCO2 and a significant and substantial increase in leaf photosynthesis throughout the life of the crop.
1998-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/62/1/osbornecp5.pdf
Garcia, R.L., Long, S.P., Wall, G.W. et al. (6 more authors) (1998) Photosynthesis and conductance of spring-wheat leaves: field response to continuous free-air atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Plant, Cell & Environment, 21 (7). pp. 659-669. ISSN 0140-7791
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:63
2014-06-15T09:31:32Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/63/
Is stimulation of leaf photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide concentration maintained in the long term? A test with Lolium perenne grown for 10 years at two nitrogen fertilization levels under Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)
Ainsworth, E.A.
Davey, P.A.
Hymus, G.J.
Osborne, C.P.
Rogers, A.
Blum, H.
Nosberger, J.
Long, S.E.
Photosynthesis is commonly stimulated in grasslands with experimental increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]), a physiological response that could significantly alter the future carbon cycle if it persists in the long term.. Yet an acclimation of photosynthetic capacity suggested by theoretical models and short-term experiments could completely remove this effect of CO2. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Bastion) was grown under an elevated [CO2] of 600 mumol mol(-1) for 10 years using Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE), with two contrasting nitrogen levels and abrupt changes in the source: sink ratio following periodic harvests. More than 3000 measurements characterized the response of leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to elevated [CO2] across each growing season for the duration of the experiment. Over the 10 years as a whole, growth at elevated [CO2] resulted in a 43% higher rate of light-saturated leaf photosynthesis and a 36% increase in daily integral of leaf CO2 uptake. Photosynthetic stimulation was maintained despite a 30% decrease in stomatal conductance and significant decreases in both the apparent, maximum carboxylation velocity (V-c,V-max) and the maximum rate of electron transport (J(max)). Immediately prior to the periodic (every 4-8 weeks) cuts of the L. perenne stands, V-c,V-max and J(max), were significantly lower in elevated than in ambient [CO2] in the low-nitrogen treatment. This difference was smaller after the cut, suggesting a dependence upon the balance between the sources and sinks for carbon. In contrast with theoretical expectations and the results of shorter duration experiments, the present results provide no significant change in photosynthetic stimulation across a 10-year period, nor greater acclimation in V-c,V-max and J(max) in the later years in either nitrogen treatment.
2003-05
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/63/1/osbornecp4.pdf
Ainsworth, E.A., Davey, P.A., Hymus, G.J. et al. (5 more authors) (2003) Is stimulation of leaf photosynthesis by elevated carbon dioxide concentration maintained in the long term? A test with Lolium perenne grown for 10 years at two nitrogen fertilization levels under Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). Plant, Cell and Environment, 26 (5). pp. 705-714. ISSN 0140-7791
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:64
2014-06-10T03:43:53Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E464350:536865666669656C642E424953:536865666669656C642E415053
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/64/
A process-based model of conifer forest structure and function with special emphasis on leaf lifespan
Osborne, C.P.
Beerling, D.J.
We describe the University of Sheffield Conifer Model (USCM), a process-based approach for simulating conifer forest carbon, nitrogen, and water fluxes by up-scaling widely applicable relationships between leaf lifespan and function. The USCM is designed to predict and analyze the biogeochemistry and biophysics of conifer forests that dominated the ice-free high-latitude regions under the high pCO2 “greenhouse” world 290–50 Myr ago. It will be of use in future research investigating controls on the contrasting distribution of ancient evergreen and deciduous forests between hemispheres, and their differential feedbacks on polar climate through the exchange of energy and materials with the atmosphere. Emphasis is placed on leaf lifespan because this trait can be determined from the anatomical characteristics of fossil conifer woods and influences a range of ecosystem processes. Extensive testing of simulated net primary production and partitioning, leaf area index, evapotranspiration, nitrogen uptake, and land surface energy partitioning showed close agreement with observations from sites across a wide climatic gradient. This indicates the generic utility of our model, and adequate representation of the key processes involved in forest function using only information on leaf lifespan, climate, and soils.
2002-11
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/64/1/osbornecp7.pdf
Osborne, C.P. and Beerling, D.J. (2002) A process-based model of conifer forest structure and function with special emphasis on leaf lifespan. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16 (4). 44-1-44-23. ISSN 0886-6236
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:65
2014-06-04T13:11:01Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/65/
Modelling the recent historical impacts of atmospheric CO2 and climate change on Mediterranean vegetation
Osborne, C.P.
Mitchell, P.L.
Sheehy, J.E.
Woodward, F.I.
During the past century, annual mean temperature has increased by 0.75 degrees C and precipitation has shown marked variation throughout the Mediterranean basin. These historical climate changes may have had significant, but presently undefined, impacts on the productivity and structure of sclerophyllous shrubland, an important vegetation type in the region. We used a vegetation model for this functional type to examine climate change impacts, and their interaction with the concurrent historical rise in atmospheric CO2. Using only climate and soil texture as data inputs, model. predictions showed good agreement with observations of seasonal and regional variation in leaf and canopy physiology, net primary productivity (NPP), leaf area index (LAI) and soil water. Model simulations for shrubland sites indicated that potential NPP has risen by 25% and LAI by 7% during the past century, although the absolute increase in LAI was small. Sensitivity analysis suggested that the increase in atmospheric CO2 since 1900 was the primary cause of these changes, and that simulated climate change alone had negative impacts on both NPP and LAI. Effects of rising CO2 were mediated by significant increases in the efficiency of water-use in NPP throughout the region, as a consequence of the direct effect of CO2 on leaf gas exchange. This increase in efficiency compensated for limitation of NPP by drought, except in areas where drought was most severe. However, while water was used more efficiently, total canopy water loss rose slightly or remained unaffected in model simulations, because increases in LAI with CO2 counteracted the effects of reduced stomatal conductance on transpiration. Model simulations for the Mediterranean region indicate that the recent rise in atmospheric CO2 may already have had significant impacts on productivity, structure and water relations of sclerophyllous shrub vegetation, which tended to offset the detrimental effects of climate change in the region.
2000-04
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/65/1/osbornecp8.pdf
Osborne, C.P., Mitchell, P.L., Sheehy, J.E. et al. (1 more author) (2000) Modelling the recent historical impacts of atmospheric CO2 and climate change on Mediterranean vegetation. Global Change Biology, 6 (4). pp. 445-458. ISSN 1354-1013
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:66
2014-06-17T04:08:51Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/66/
The representation of root processes in models addressing the responses of vegetation to global change
Woodward, F.I.
Osborne, C.P.
The representation of root activity in models is here confined to considerations of applications assessing the impacts of changes in climate or atmospheric [CO2]. Approaches to modelling roots can be classified into four major types: models in which roots are not considered, models in which there is an interplay between only selected above-ground and below-ground processes, models in which growth allocation to all parts of the plants depends on the availability and matching of the capture of external resources, and models with explicit treatments of root growth, architecture and resource capture. All models seem effective in describing the major root activities of water and nutrient uptake, because these processes are highly correlated, particularly at large scales and with slow or equilibrium dynamics. Allocation models can be effective in providing a deeper, perhaps contrary, understanding of the dynamic underpinning to observations made only above ground. The complex and explicit treatment of roots can be achieved only in small-scale highly studied systems because of the requirements for many initialized variables to run the models
2000-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/66/1/osbornecp9.pdf
Woodward, F.I. and Osborne, C.P. (Submitted: 2000) The representation of root processes in models addressing the responses of vegetation to global change. New Phytologist, 147 (1). pp. 223-232. ISSN 1469-8137
doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00691.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:73
2016-10-24T18:52:58Z
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756E69743D4C65656473:4C656564732E46412D42494F4C:4C656564732E53522D49494342
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/73/
Sophisticated sperm allocation in male fowl
Pizzari, T.
Cornwallis, C.K.
Lovlie, H.
Jakobssen, S.
Birkhead, T.R.
When a female is sexually promiscuous, the ejaculates of different males compete for the fertilization of her eggs; the more sperm a male inseminates into a female, the more likely he is to fertilize her eggs. Because sperm production is limited and costly, theory predicts that males will strategically allocate sperm (1) according to female promiscuity, (2) saving some for copulations with new females, and (3) to females producing more and/or better offspring. Whether males allocate sperm in all of these ways is not known, particularly in birds where the collection of natural ejaculates only recently became possible. Here we demonstrate male sperm allocation of unprecedented sophistication in the fowl Gallus gallus. Males show status-dependent sperm investment in females according to the level of female promiscuity; they progressively reduce sperm investment in a particular female but, on encountering a new female, instantaneously increase their sperm investment; and they preferentially allocate sperm to females with large sexual ornaments signalling superior maternal investment. Our results indicate that female promiscuity leads to the evolution of sophisticated male sexual behaviour.
2003-11-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
attached
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/73/1/pizzarit1.pdf
Pizzari, T., Cornwallis, C.K., Lovlie, H. et al. (2 more authors) (2003) Sophisticated sperm allocation in male fowl. Nature, 426 (6962). pp. 70-74. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature/
doi:10.1038/nature02004
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:98
2014-06-06T06:46:44Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98/
Parasitic Cape honeybee workers, Apis mellifera capensis, evade policing
Martin, S.J.
Beekman, M.
Wossler, T.C.
Ratnieks, F.L.W.
Relocation of the Cape honeybee, Apis mellifera capensis, by bee-keepers from southern to northern South Africa in 1990 has caused widespread death of managed African honeybee, A. m. scutellata, colonies. Apis mellifera capensis worker bees are able to lay diploid, female eggs without mating by means of automictic thelytoky (meiosis followed by fusion of two meiotic products to restore egg diploidy), whereas workers of other honeybee subspecies are able to lay only haploid, male eggs. The A. m. capensis workers, which are parasitizing and killing A. m. scutellata colonies in northern South Africa, are the asexual offspring of a single, original worker in which the small amount of genetic variation observed is due to crossing over during meiosis (P. Kryger, personal communication). Here we elucidate two principal mechanisms underlying this parasitism. Parasitic A. m. capensis workers activate their ovaries in host colonies that have a queen present (queenright colonies), and they lay eggs that evade being killed by other workers (worker policing)—the normal fate of worker-laid eggs in colonies with a queen. This unique parasitism by workers is an instance in which a society is unable to control the selfish actions of its members.
2002-01-10
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/98/1/ratnieksflw1.pdf
Martin, S.J., Beekman, M., Wossler, T.C. et al. (1 more author) (2002) Parasitic Cape honeybee workers, Apis mellifera capensis, evade policing. Nature, 415 (6868). pp. 163-165. ISSN 0028-0836
doi:10.1038/415163a
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:99
2014-06-06T02:24:03Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/99/
Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant
Monnin, T.
Ratnieks, F.L.W.
Jones, G.R.
Beard, R.
Animal societies are stages for both conflict and cooperation. Reproduction is often monopolized by one or a few individuals who behave aggressively to prevent subordinates from reproducing (for example, naked mole-rats, wasps and ants). Here we report an unusual mechanism by which the dominant individual maintains reproductive control. In the queenless ant Dinoponera quadriceps, only the alpha female reproduces. If the alpha is challenged by another female she chemically marks the pretender who is then punished by low-ranking females. This cooperation between alpha and low-rankers allows the alpha to inflict punishment indirectly, thereby maintaining her reproductive primacy without having to fight
2002-09-05
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/99/1/ratnieksflw2.pdf
Monnin, T., Ratnieks, F.L.W., Jones, G.R. et al. (1 more author) (2002) Pretender punishment induced by chemical signalling in a queenless ant. Nature, 419 (6902). pp. 61-65. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature00932
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:102
2014-06-06T16:37:03Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/102/
The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane
Bahatyrova, S.
Frese, R.N.
Siebert, A.
Olsen, J.D.
van der Werf, K.O.
van Grondelle, R.
Niederman, R.A.
Bullough, P.A.
Otto, C.
Hunter, C.N.
In photosynthesis, the harvesting of solar energy and its subsequent conversion into a stable charge separation are dependent upon an interconnected macromolecular network of membrane-associated chlorophyll–protein complexes. Although the detailed structure of each complex has been determined, the size and organization of this network are unknown. Here we show the use of atomic force microscopy to directly reveal a native bacterial photosynthetic membrane. This first view of any multi-component membrane shows the relative positions and associations of the photosynthetic complexes and reveals crucial new features of the organization of the network: we found that the membrane is divided into specialized domains each with a different network organization and in which one type of complex predominates. Two types of organization were found for the peripheral light-harvesting LH2 complex. In the first, groups of 10–20 molecules of LH2 form light-capture domains that interconnect linear arrays of dimers of core reaction centre (RC)–light-harvesting 1 (RC–LH1–PufX) complexes; in the second they were found outside these arrays in larger clusters. The LH1 complex is ideally positioned to function as an energy collection hub, temporarily storing it before transfer to the RC where photochemistry occurs: the elegant economy of the photosynthetic membrane is demonstrated by the close packing of these linear arrays, which are often only separated by narrow 'energy conduits' of LH2 just two or three complexes wide.
2004-08-26
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/102/1/huntercn1.pdf
Bahatyrova, S., Frese, R.N., Siebert, A. et al. (7 more authors) (2004) The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane. Nature, 430 (7003). pp. 1058-1062. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature02823
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:103
2014-06-05T07:49:14Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103/
Sperm death and dumping in Drosophila
Snook, R.R.
Hosken, D.J.
Mating with more than one male is the norm for females of many species. In addition to generating competition between the ejaculates of different males, multiple mating may allow females to bias sperm use. In Drosophila melanogaster, the last male to inseminate a female sires approximately 80% of subsequent progeny. Both sperm displacement, where resident sperm are removed from storage by the incoming ejaculate of the copulating male, and sperm incapacitation, where incoming seminal fluids supposedly interfere with resident sperm, have been implicated in this pattern of sperm use. But the idea of incapacitation is problematic because there are no known mechanisms by which an individual could damage rival sperm and not their own. Females also influence the process of sperm use, but exactly how is unclear. Here we show that seminal fluids do not kill rival sperm and that any 'incapacitation' is probably due to sperm ageing during sperm storage. We also show that females release stored sperm from the reproductive tract (sperm dumping) after copulation with a second male and that this requires neither incoming sperm nor seminal fluids. Instead, males may cause stored sperm to be dumped or females may differentially eject sperm from the previous mating.
2004-04-29
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/103/1/snookrr1.pdf
Snook, R.R. and Hosken, D.J. (2004) Sperm death and dumping in Drosophila. Nature, 428 (6986). pp. 939-941. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature02455
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:104
2014-06-04T09:49:13Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/104/
Fitness benefits of prolonged post-reproductive lifespan in women
Lahdenpera, M.
Lummaa, V.
Helle, S.
Tremblay, M.
Russell, A.F.
Most animals reproduce until they die, but in humans, females can survive long after ceasing reproduction. In theory, a prolonged post-reproductive lifespan will evolve when females can gain greater fitness by increasing the success of their offspring than by continuing to breed themselves. Although reproductive success is known to decline in old age, it is unknown whether women gain fitness by prolonging lifespan post-reproduction. Using complete multi-generational demographic records, we show that women with a prolonged post-reproductive lifespan have more grandchildren, and hence greater fitness, in pre-modern populations of both Finns and Canadians. This fitness benefit arises because post-reproductive mothers enhance the lifetime reproductive success of their offspring by allowing them to breed earlier, more frequently and more successfully. Finally, the fitness benefits of prolonged lifespan diminish as the reproductive output of offspring declines. This suggests that in female humans, selection for deferred ageing should wane when one's own offspring become post-reproductive and, correspondingly, we show that rates of female mortality accelerate as their offspring terminate reproduction.
2004-03-11
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/104/1/lummaav1.pdf
Lahdenpera, M., Lummaa, V., Helle, S. et al. (2 more authors) (2004) Fitness benefits of prolonged post-reproductive lifespan in women. Nature, 428 (6979). pp. 178-181. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature02367
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:105
2015-11-17T07:40:50Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105/
Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean
Mumby, P.J.
Edwards, A.J.
Arias-Gonzalez, J.E.
Lindeman, K.C.
Blackwell, P.G.
Gall, A.
Gorczynska, M.I.
Harborne, A.R.
Pescod, C.L.
Renken, H.
Wabnitz, C.C.C.
Llewellyn, G.
Mangrove forests are one of the world's most threatened tropical ecosystems with global loss exceeding 35% (ref. 1). Juvenile coral reef fish often inhabit mangroves, but the importance of these nurseries to reef fish population dynamics has not been quantified. Indeed, mangroves might be expected to have negligible influence on reef fish communities: juvenile fish can inhabit alternative habitats and fish populations may be regulated by other limiting factors such as larval supply or fishing. Here we show that mangroves are unexpectedly important, serving as an intermediate nursery habitat that may increase the survivorship of young fish. Mangroves in the Caribbean strongly influence the community structure of fish on neighbouring coral reefs. In addition, the biomass of several commercially important species is more than doubled when adult habitat is connected to mangroves. The largest herbivorous fish in the Atlantic, Scarus guacamaia, has a functional dependency on mangroves and has suffered local extinction after mangrove removal. Current rates of mangrove deforestation are likely to have severe deleterious consequences for the ecosystem function, fisheries productivity and resilience of reefs. Conservation efforts should protect connected corridors of mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs.
2004-02-05
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/105/1/blackwellpg1.pdf
Mumby, P.J., Edwards, A.J., Arias-Gonzalez, J.E. et al. (9 more authors) (2004) Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature, 427 (6974). pp. 533-536. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature02286
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:106
2014-06-05T15:44:22Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/106/
Fragments of the earliest land plants
Wellman, C.H.
Osterloff, P.L.
Mohiuddin, U.
The earliest fossil evidence for land plants comes from microscopic dispersed spores. These microfossils are abundant and widely distributed in sediments, and the earliest generally accepted reports are from rocks of mid-Ordovician age (Llanvirn, 475 million years ago). Although distribution, morphology and ultrastructure of the spores indicate that they are derived from terrestrial plants, possibly early relatives of the bryophytes, this interpretation remains controversial as there is little in the way of direct evidence for the parent plants. An additional complicating factor is that there is a significant hiatus between the appearance of the first dispersed spores and fossils of relatively complete land plants (megafossils): spores predate the earliest megafossils (Late Silurian, 425 million year ago) by some 50 million years. Here we report the description of spore-containing plant fragments from Ordovician rocks of Oman. These fossils provide direct evidence for the nature of the spore-producing plants. They confirm that the earliest spores developed in large numbers within sporangia, providing strong evidence that they are the fossilized remains of bona fide land plants. Furthermore, analysis of spore wall ultrastructure supports liverwort affinities.
2003-09-18
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/106/1/wellmanch1.pdf
Wellman, C.H., Osterloff, P.L. and Mohiuddin, U. (2003) Fragments of the earliest land plants. Nature, 425 (6955). pp. 282-285. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature01884
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:107
2014-06-05T17:24:53Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/107/
Supramolecular dendritic liquid quasicrystals
Zeng, X.
Ungar, G.
Liu, Y.
Percec, V.
Dulcey, A.E.
Hobbs, J.K.
2004-03-11
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/107/1/ungarg1.pdf
Zeng, X., Ungar, G., Liu, Y. et al. (3 more authors) (2004) Supramolecular dendritic liquid quasicrystals. Nature, 428 (6979). pp. 157-160. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature02368
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:108
2014-06-08T23:42:07Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/108/
Arctic microorganisms respond more to elevated UV-B radiation than CO2
Johnson, D.
Campbell, C.D.
Lee, J.A.
Callaghan, T.V.
Gwynn-Jones, D.
Surface ultraviolet-B radiation and atmospheric CO2 concentrations have increased as a result of ozone depletion and burning of fossil fuels. The effects are likely to be most apparent in polar regions where ozone holes have developed and ecosystems are particularly sensitive to disturbance. Polar plant communities are dependent on nutrient cycling by soil microorganisms, which represent a significant and highly labile portion of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). It was thought that the soil microbial biomass was unlikely to be affected by exposure of their associated plant communities to increased UV-B. In contrast, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations were thought to have a strong effect as a result of greater below-ground C allocation. In addition, there is a growing belief that ozone depletion is of only minor environmental concern because the impacts of UV-B radiation on plant communities are often very subtle. Here we show that 5 years of exposure of a subarctic heath to enhanced UV-B radiation both alone and in combination with elevated CO2 resulted in significant changes in the C:N ratio and in the bacterial community structure of the soil microbial biomass.
2002-03-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/108/1/leeja1.pdf
Johnson, D., Campbell, C.D., Lee, J.A. et al. (2 more authors) (2002) Arctic microorganisms respond more to elevated UV-B radiation than CO2. Nature, 416 (6876). pp. 82-83. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/416082a
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:109
2014-06-09T15:26:00Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/109/
Plants lacking the main light-harvesting complex retain photosystem II macro-organization
Ruban, A.V.
Wentworth, M.
Yakushevska, A.E.
Andersson, J.
Lee, P.J.
Keegstra, W.
Dekker, J.P.
Boekema, E.J.
Jansson, S.
Horton, P.
Photosystem II (PSII) is a key component of photosynthesis, the process of converting sunlight into the chemical energy of life. In plant cells, it forms a unique oligomeric macrostructure in membranes of the chloroplasts. Several light-harvesting antenna complexes are organized precisely in the PSII macrostructure—the major trimeric complexes (LHCII) that bind 70% of PSII chlorophyll and three minor monomeric complexes—which together form PSII supercomplexes. The antenna complexes are essential for collecting sunlight and regulating photosynthesis, but the relationship between these functions and their molecular architecture is unresolved. Here we report that antisense Arabidopsis plants lacking the proteins that form LHCII trimers have PSII supercomplexes with almost identical abundance and structure to those found in wild-type plants. The place of LHCII is taken by a normally minor and monomeric complex, CP26, which is synthesized in large amounts and organized into trimers. Trimerization is clearly not a specific attribute of LHCII. Our results highlight the importance of the PSII macrostructure: in the absence of one of its main components, another protein is recruited to allow it to assemble and function.
2003-02-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/109/1/hortonp1.pdf
Ruban, A.V., Wentworth, M., Yakushevska, A.E. et al. (7 more authors) (2003) Plants lacking the main light-harvesting complex retain photosystem II macro-organization. Nature, 421 (6923). pp. 648-652. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature01344
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:110
2014-06-04T16:28:22Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/110/
Overexpression of beta-carotene hydroxylase enhances stress tolerance in Arabidopsis
Davison, P.A.
Hunter, C.N.
Horton, P.
Plant stress caused by extreme environmental conditions is already a principal reason for yield reduction in crops. The threat of global environment change makes it increasingly important to generate crop plants that will withstand such conditions. Stress, particularly stress caused by increased sunlight, leads to the production of reactive oxygen species that cause photo-oxidative cell damage. Carotenoids, which are present in the membranes of all photosynthetic organisms, help protect against such light-dependent oxidative damage. In plants, the xanthophyll cycle (the reversible interconversion of two carotenoids, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin) has a key photoprotective role and is therefore a promising target for genetic engineering to enhance stress tolerance. Here we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana overexpression of the chyB gene that encodes -carotene hydroxylase—an enzyme in the zeaxanthin biosynthetic pathway—causes a specific twofold increase in the size of the xanthophyll cycle pool. The plants are more tolerant to conditions of high light and high temperature, as shown by reduced leaf necrosis, reduced production of the stress indicator anthocyanin and reduced lipid peroxidation. Stress protection is probably due to the function of zeaxanthin in preventing oxidative damage of membranes.
2002-07-11
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/110/1/hortonp2.pdf
Davison, P.A., Hunter, C.N. and Horton, P. (2002) Overexpression of beta-carotene hydroxylase enhances stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Nature, 418 (6894). pp. 203-206. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature00861
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:111
2014-06-05T05:28:14Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E4B4252
696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/111/
Structure and catalytic mechanism of the human histone methyltransferase SET7/9
Xiao, B.
Jing, C.
Wilson, J.R.
Walker, P.A.
Vasisht, N.
Kelly, G.
Howell, S.
Taylor, I.A.
Blackburn, G.M.
Gamblin, S.J.
Acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation of the amino-terminal tails of histones are thought to be involved in the regulation of chromatin structure and function. With just one exception, the enzymes identified in the methylation of specific lysine residues on histones (histone methyltransferases) belong to the SET family. The high-resolution crystal structure of a ternary complex of human SET7/9 with a histone peptide and cofactor reveals that the peptide substrate and cofactor bind on opposite surfaces of the enzyme. The target lysine accesses the active site of the enzyme and the S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) cofactor by inserting its side chain into a narrow channel that runs through the enzyme, connecting the two surfaces. Here we show from the structure and from solution studies that SET7/9, unlike most other SET proteins, is exclusively a mono-methylase. The structure indicates the molecular basis of the specificity of the enzyme for the histone target, and allows us to propose a model for the methylation reaction that accounts for the role of many of the residues that are invariant across the SET family.
2003-02-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/111/1/blackburngm1.pdf
Xiao, B., Jing, C., Wilson, J.R. et al. (7 more authors) (2003) Structure and catalytic mechanism of the human histone methyltransferase SET7/9. Nature, 421 (6923). pp. 652-656. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature01378
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:112
2014-06-05T20:03:06Z
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696E737469747574696F6E3D536865666669656C64
7072696D6F3D6861735F7075626C6963
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112/
Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Bidartondo, M.I.
Redecker, D.
Hijri, I.
Wiemken, A.
Bruns, T.D.
Dominguez, L.
Sersic, A.
Leake, J.R.
Read, D.J.
Over 400 non-photosynthetic species from 10 families of vascular plants obtain their carbon from fungi and are thus defined as myco-heterotrophs. Many of these plants are epiparasitic on green plants from which they obtain carbon by 'cheating' shared mycorrhizal fungi. Epiparasitic plants examined to date depend on ectomycorrhizal fungi for carbon transfer and exhibit exceptional specificity for these fungi, but for most myco-heterotrophs neither the identity of the fungi nor the sources of their carbon are known. Because many myco-heterotrophs grow in forests dominated by plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; phylum Glomeromycota), we proposed that epiparasitism would occur also between plants linked by AMF. On a global scale AMF form the most widespread mycorrhizae, thus the ability of plants to cheat this symbiosis would be highly significant. We analysed mycorrhizae from three populations of Arachnitis uniflora (Corsiaceae, Monocotyledonae), five Voyria species and one Voyriella species (Gentianaceae, Dicotyledonae), and neighbouring green plants. Here we show that non-photosynthetic plants associate with AMF and can display the characteristic specificity of epiparasites. This suggests that AMF mediate significant inter-plant carbon transfer in nature.
2002-09-26
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/112/1/leakejr1.pdf
Bidartondo, M.I., Redecker, D., Hijri, I. et al. (6 more authors) (2002) Epiparasitic plants specialized on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature, 419 (6905). pp. 389-392. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:113
2014-06-04T08:50:10Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113/
Characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis in stems and petioles of C-3 flowering plants
Hibberd, J.M.
Quick, W.P.
Most plants are known as C-3 plants because the first product of photosynthetic CO2 fixation is a three-carbon compound. C-4 plants, which use an alternative pathway in which the first product is a four-carbon compound, have evolved independently many times and are found in at least 18 families. In addition to differences in their biochemistry, photosynthetic organs of C-4 plants show alterations in their anatomy and ultrastructure. Little is known about whether the biochemical or anatomical characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis evolved first. Here we report that tobacco, a typical C-3 plant, shows characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis in cells of stems and petioles that surround the xylem and phloem, and that these cells are supplied with carbon for photosynthesis from the vascular system and not from stomata. These photosynthetic cells possess high activities of enzymes characteristic of C-4 photosynthesis, which allow the decarboxylation of four-carbon organic acids from the xylem and phloem, thus releasing CO2 for photosynthesis. These biochemical characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis in cells around the vascular bundles of stems of C-3 plants might explain why C-4 photosynthesis has evolved independently many times.
2002-01-24
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/113/1/quickwp1.pdf
Hibberd, J.M. and Quick, W.P. (2002) Characteristics of C-4 photosynthesis in stems and petioles of C-3 flowering plants. Nature, 415 (6870). pp. 451-454. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/415451a
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:114
2014-06-04T20:26:08Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/114/
Exceptional sperm cooperation in the wood mouse
Moore, H.
Dvorakova, K.
Jenkins, N.
Breed, W.
Spermatozoa from a single male will compete for fertilization of ova with spermatozoa from another male when present in the female reproductive tract at the same time. Close genetic relatedness predisposes individuals towards altruism, and as haploid germ cells of an ejaculate will have genotypic similarity of 50%, it is predicted that spermatozoa may display cooperation and altruism to gain an advantage when inter-male sperm competition is intense. We report here the probable altruistic behaviour of spermatozoa in an eutherian mammal. Spermatozoa of the common wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus, displayed a unique morphological transformation resulting in cooperation in distinctive aggregations or 'trains' of hundreds or thousands of cells, which significantly increased sperm progressive motility. Eventual dispersal of sperm trains was associated with most of the spermatozoa undergoing a premature acrosome reaction. Cells undergoing an acrosome reaction in aggregations remote from the egg are altruistic in that they help sperm transport to the egg but compromise their own fertilizing ability.
2002-07-11
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/114/1/moorhd1.pdf
Moore, H., Dvorakova, K., Jenkins, N. et al. (1 more author) (2002) Exceptional sperm cooperation in the wood mouse. Nature, 418 (6894). pp. 174-177. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature00832
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:136
2014-06-04T14:38:03Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/136/
Questionnaire surveys to
discover academic staff and
library staff perceptions of a
National Union catalogue
Stubley, P.
Kidd, T.
During the feasibility study into a National Union catalogue for the UK (UKNUC), a
questionnaire survey was undertaken of the needs of both academic staff in higher education and
library staff. A response rate of 40-50 per cent was achieved, 846 questionnaires being returned
for academics and 724 for librarians. The analysis suggests that a UKNUC would be highly
valued and heavily used by all categories. Academics felt it would have a positive effect on their
information searching, and wished to include the holdings of the British Library, and libraries of
both the major research universities and the ``traditional’’ universities. They wanted it to be
comprehensive and easy to use, to include locations of both books and journals, and to facilitate
subject collection searching. Library staff have similar priorities to academics, although there are
more variations by sector and a recognition of a UKNUC’s value as a potential source of
bibliographic records.
2002
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/136/1/stubleyp1.pdf
Stubley, P. and Kidd, T. (2002) Questionnaire surveys to discover academic staff and library staff perceptions of a National Union catalogue. Journal of Documentation, 58 (6). pp. 611-648. ISSN 0022-0418
10.1108/00220410210448183
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:137
2014-06-05T09:15:57Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137/
Regulation of Leaf Senescence by Cytokinin, Sugars,
and Light.
Effects on NADH-Dependent Hydroxypyruvate Reductase
Wingler, A.
von Schaewen, A.
Leegood, R.C.
Lea, P.J.
Quick, W.P.
The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between cytokinin, sugar repression, and light in the senescence-related decline in photosynthetic enzymes of leaves. In transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants that induce the production of cytokinin in senescing tissue, the age-dependent decline in NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and other enzymes involved in photosynthetic metabolism was delayed but not prevented. Glucose (Glc) and fructose contents increased with leaf age in wild-type tobacco and, to a greater extent, in transgenic tobacco. To study whether sugar accumulation in senescing leaves can counteract the effect of cytokinin on senescence, discs of wild-type leaves were incubated with Glc and cytokinin solutions. The photorespiratory enzyme HPR declined rapidly in the presence of 20 mM Glc, especially at very low photon flux density. Although HPR protein was increased in the presence of cytokinin, cytokinin did not prevent the Glc-dependent decline. Illumination at moderate photon flux density resulted in the rapid synthesis of HPR and partially prevented the negative effect of Glc. Similar results were obtained for the photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. It is concluded that sugars, cytokinin, and light interact during senescence by influencing the decline in proteins involved in photosynthetic metabolism.
1998-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/137/1/wingler_PP_98.pdf
Wingler, A., von Schaewen, A., Leegood, R.C. et al. (2 more authors) (1998) Regulation of Leaf Senescence by Cytokinin, Sugars, and Light. Effects on NADH-Dependent Hydroxypyruvate Reductase. Plant Physiology, 116 (1). pp. 329-335. ISSN 0032-0889
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:138
2014-06-05T11:11:07Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/138/
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Is Involved in the Decarboxylation of Aspartate in the Bundle Sheath of Maize
Wingler, A.
Walker, R.P.
Chen, Z.
Leegood, R.C.
We recently showed that maize (Zea mays L.) leaves contain appreciable amounts of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; R.P. Walker, R.M. Acheson, L.I. Técsi, R.C. Leegood [1997] Aust J Plant Physiol 24: 459–468). In the present study, we investigated the role of PEPCK in C4 photosynthesis in maize. PEPCK activity and protein were enriched in extracts from bundle-sheath (BS) strands compared with whole-leaf extracts. Decarboxylation of [4-14C]aspartate (Asp) by BS strands was dependent on the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and Mn2+, was stimulated by ATP, was inhibited by the PEPCK-specific inhibitor 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, and was independent of illumination. The principal product of Asp metabolism was phosphoenolpyruvate, whereas pyruvate was a minor product. Decarboxylation of [4-14C]malate was stimulated severalfold by Asp and 3-phosphoglycerate, was only slightly reduced in the absence of Mn2+ or in the presence of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, and was light dependent. Our data show that decarboxylation of Asp and malate in BS cells of maize occurs via two different pathways: Whereas malate is mainly decarboxylated by NADP-malic enzyme, decarboxylation of Asp is dependent on the activity of PEPCK.
1999-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/138/1/wingler_PP_99.pdf
Wingler, A., Walker, R.P., Chen, Z. et al. (1 more author) (1999) Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Is Involved in the Decarboxylation of Aspartate in the Bundle Sheath of Maize. Plant Physiology, 120 (2). pp. 539-546. ISSN 0032-0889
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:139
2014-06-13T21:00:39Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/139/
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Assayed at Physiological Concentrations of Metal Ions Has a High Affinity for CO2
Chen, Z.
Walker, R.P.
Acheson, R.M.
Leegood, R.C.
The effect of Mn2+/Mg2+ concentration on the activity of intact, homogeneous phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) from leaves of the C4 grass, Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), have been investigated. Assay conditions were optimized so that PEPCK activity could be measured at concentrations of Mn2+/Mg2+ similar to those found in the cytosol (low micromolar Mn2+ and millimolar Mg2+). PEPCK activity was totally dependent on Mn2+ and was activated at low micromolar concentrations of Mn2+ by millimolar concentrations of Mg2+. Therefore, at physiological concentrations of Mn2+, PEPCK has a requirement for Mg2+. Assay at physiological concentrations of Mn2+/Mg2+ led to a marked decrease in its affinity for ATP and a 13-fold increase in its affinity for CO2. The Km (CO2) was further decreased by assay at physiological ATP to ADP ratios, reaching values as low as 20 μM CO2, comparable with the Km (CO2) of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. This means that PEPCK will catalyze a reversible reaction and that it could operate as a carboxylase in vivo, a feature that could be particularly important in algal CO2-concentrating systems.
2002-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/139/1/chen_PP_02.pdf
Chen, Z., Walker, R.P., Acheson, R.M. et al. (1 more author) (2002) Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Assayed at Physiological Concentrations of Metal Ions Has a High Affinity for CO2. Plant Physiology, 128 (1). pp. 160-164. ISSN 0032-0889
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:140
2014-06-06T06:38:33Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/140/
Effects of Phosphorylation on Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase from the C4 Plant Guinea Grass
Walker, R.P.
Chen, Z.
Acheson, R.M.
Leegood, R.C.
In the C4 plant Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is phosphorylated in darkened leaves and dephosphorylated in illuminated leaves. To determine whether the properties of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated PEPCK were different, PEPCK was purified to homogeneity from both illuminated and darkened leaves. The final step of the purification procedure, gel filtration chromatography, further separated phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms. In the presence of a high ratio of ATP to ADP, the non-phosphorylated enzyme had a higher affinity for its substrates, oxaloacetate and phosphoenolpyruvate. The activity of the non-phosphorylated form was up to 6-fold higher when measured at low substrate concentrations. Comparison of proteoloytically cleaved PEPCK from Guinea grass, which lacked its N-terminal extension, from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which does not possess an N-terminal extension, and from the C4 plant Urochloa panicoides, which possesses an N-terminal extension but is not subject to phosphorylation, revealed similar properties to the non-phosphorylated full-length form from Guinea grass. Assay of PEPCK activity in crude extracts of Guinea grass leaves, showed a large difference between illuminated and darkened leaves when measured in a selective assay (a low concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate and a high ratio of ATP to ADP), but there was no difference under assay conditions used to estimate maximum activity. Immunoblots of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels showed no difference in the abundance of PEPCK protein in illuminated and darkened leaves. There were no light/dark differences in activity detected in maize (Zea mays) leaves, in which PEPCK is not subject to phosphorylation.
2002-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/140/1/walker_PP_02.pdf
Walker, R.P., Chen, Z., Acheson, R.M. et al. (1 more author) (2002) Effects of Phosphorylation on Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase from the C4 Plant Guinea Grass. Plant Physiology, 128 (1). pp. 165-172. ISSN 0032-0889
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:145
2014-06-05T11:48:34Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/145/
The effectiveness of stemming for information retrieval in Amharic
Alemayehu, N.
Willett, P.
Amharic is an example of a language with a very rich
morphology, which means that systems for searching
Amharic text databases can be effective in operation only
if full account is taken of the many word variants that may
occur. This paper reports a comparison of stem-based and
root-based searching of Amharic text with conventional,
word-based searching. The results demonstrate the
effectiveness of our recently described stemming
algorithm for Amharic.
2003
Article
PeerReviewed
Alemayehu, N. and Willett, P. (2003) The effectiveness of stemming for information retrieval in Amharic. Program, 37 (4). pp. 254-259. ISSN 0033-0337
DOI 10.1108/00330330310500748
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:146
2013-02-08T16:46:56Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/146/
Textual and chemical information processing: different domains but similar algorithms
Willett, P.
This paper discusses the extent to which algorithms developed for the processing of textual databases are also applicable to the processing of chemical structure databases, and vice versa. Applications discussed include: an algorithm for distribution sorting that has been applied to the design of screening systems for rapid chemical substructure searching; the use of measures of inter-molecular structural similarity for the analysis of hypertext graphs; a genetic algorithm for calculating term weights for relevance feedback searching for determining whether a molecule is likely to exhibit biological activity; and the use of data fusion to combine the results of different chemical similarity searches.
2000-01-05
Article
PeerReviewed
other
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/146/1/willettp2.mht
Willett, P. (2000) Textual and chemical information processing: different domains but similar algorithms. Information Research, 5 (2). ISSN 1368-1613
http://informationr.net/ir/5-2/paper69.html
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:161
2014-06-18T17:24:58Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/161/
Oxygen Requirement and Inhibition of C4 Photosynthesis . An Analysis of C4 Plants Deficient in the C3 and C4 Cycles
Maroco, J.P.
Ku, M.S.B.
Lea, P.J.
Dever, L.V.
Leegood, R.C.
Furbank, R.T.
Edwards, G.E.
The basis for O2 sensitivity of C4 photosynthesis was evaluated using a C4-cycle-limited mutant of Amaranthus edulis (a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase-deficient mutant), and a C3-cycle-limited transformant of Flaveria bidentis (an antisense ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase [Rubisco] small subunit transformant). Data obtained with the C4-cycle-limited mutant showed that atmospheric levels of O2 (20 kPa) caused increased inhibition of photosynthesis as a result of higher levels of photorespiration. The optimal O2 partial pressure for photosynthesis was reduced from approximately 5 kPa O2 to 1 to 2 kPa O2, becoming similar to that of C3 plants. Therefore, the higher O2 requirement for optimal C4 photosynthesis is specifically associated with the C4 function. With the Rubisco-limited F. bidentis, there was less inhibition of photosynthesis by supraoptimal levels of O2 than in the wild type. When CO2 fixation by Rubisco is limited, an increase in the CO2 concentration in bundle-sheath cells via the C4 cycle may further reduce the oxygenase activity of Rubisco and decrease the inhibition of photosynthesis by high partial pressures of O2 while increasing CO2 leakage and overcycling of the C4 pathway. These results indicate that in C4 plants the investment in the C3 and C4 cycles must be balanced for maximum efficiency.
1998-02
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/161/1/leegoodrc3.pdf
Maroco, J.P., Ku, M.S.B., Lea, P.J. et al. (4 more authors) (1998) Oxygen Requirement and Inhibition of C4 Photosynthesis . An Analysis of C4 Plants Deficient in the C3 and C4 Cycles. Plant Physiology, 116 (2). pp. 823-832. ISSN 0032-0889
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:162
2014-06-05T05:08:13Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/162/
Leaf-Atmosphere NH3 Exchange in Barley Mutants with Reduced Activities of Glutamine Synthetase
Mattsson, M.
Hausler, R.E.
Leegood, R.C.
Lea, P.J.
Schjoerring, J.K.
Mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Maris Mink) with 47 or 66% of the glutamine synthetase (GS) activity of the wild type were used for studies of NH3 exchange with the atmosphere. Under normal light and temperature conditions, tissue NH4+ concentrations were higher in the two mutants compared with wild-type plants, and this was accompanied by higher NH3 emission from the leaves. The emission of NH3 increased with increasing leaf temperatures in both wild-type and mutant plants, but the increase was much more pronounced in the mutants. Similar results were found when the light intensity (photosynthetic photon flux density) was increased. Compensation points for NH3 were estimated by exposing intact shoots to 10 nmol NH3 mol-1 air under conditions with increasing temperatures until the plants started to emit NH3. Referenced to 25[deg]C, the compensation points were 5.0 nmol mol-1 for wild-type plants, 8.3 nmol mol-1 for 47% GS mutants, and 11.8 nmol mol-1 for 66% GS mutants. Compensation points for NH3 in single, nonsenescent leaves were estimated on the basis of apoplastic pH and NH4+ concentrations. These values were 0.75, 3.46, and 7.72 nmol mol-1 for wild type, 47% GS mutants, and 66% GS mutants, respectively. The 66% GS mutant always showed higher tissue NH4+ concentrations, NH3 emission rates, and NH3 compensation points compared with the 47% GS mutant, indicating that NH4+ release was curtailed by some kind of compensatory mechanism in plants with only 47% GS activity
1997-08
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/162/1/leegoodrc4.pdf
Mattsson, M., Hausler, R.E., Leegood, R.C. et al. (2 more authors) (1997) Leaf-Atmosphere NH3 Exchange in Barley Mutants with Reduced Activities of Glutamine Synthetase. Plant Physiology, 114 (4). pp. 1307-1312. ISSN 0032-0889
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:163
2014-06-06T21:56:04Z
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756E69743D536865666669656C64:536865666669656C642E5F5243:536865666669656C642E524849
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/163/
A spatial analysis of physiological changes associated with infection of cotyledons of marrow plants with cucumber mosaic virus
Tecsi, L.I.
Smith, A.M.
Maule, A.J.
Leegood, R.C.
Changes in host primary metabolism associated with the compatible interaction between cucumber mosaic virus and cotyledons of the marrow plant (Cucurbita pepo L.) have been localized, first by measuring activities of key enzymes in infected and uninfected regions of the cotyledon, and second by histochemical techniques applied to tissue prints of the infected region. A series of progressive metabolic changes occurs within the expanding infected lesion. Virus replication and the synthesis of viral protein at the periphery creates a strong sink demand associated with increased activities of anaplerotic enzymes, increased photosynthesis, and starch accumulation. Inside the lesion, when the synthesis of virus has declined, photosynthesis is reduced, starch is mobilized, and the emphasis of metabolism is shifted toward glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration. These changes are associated spatially with the onset of chlorosis. A decrease in total protein synthesis in this inner zone could be instrumental in some or all of these changes, leading to symptoms of viral infection.
1996-08
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/163/1/leegoodrc5.pdf
Tecsi, L.I., Smith, A.M., Maule, A.J. et al. (1 more author) (1996) A spatial analysis of physiological changes associated with infection of cotyledons of marrow plants with cucumber mosaic virus. Plant Physiology, 111 (4). pp. 975-985. ISSN 0032-0889
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:164
2014-06-04T09:02:06Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/164/
Photorespiration: metabolic pathways and their role in stress protection
Wingler, A.
Lea, P.J.
Quick, W.P.
Leegood, R.C.
Photorespiration results from the oxygenase reaction catalysed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/
oxygenase. In this reaction glycollate-2-phosphate is produced and subsequently metabolized in the
photorespiratory pathway to form the Calvin cycle intermediate glycerate-3-phosphate. During this metabolic
process, CO2 and NH3 are produced and ATP and reducing equivalents are consumed, thus
making photorespiration a wasteful process. However, precisely because of this ine¤ciency, photorespiration
could serve as an energy sink preventing the overreduction of the photosynthetic electron transport
chain and photoinhibition, especially under stress conditions that lead to reduced rates of photosynthetic
CO2 assimilation. Furthermore, photorespiration provides metabolites for other metabolic processes, e.g.
glycine for the synthesis of glutathione, which is also involved in stress protection. In this review, we
describe the use of photorespiratory mutants to study the control and regulation of photorespiratory pathways.
In addition, we discuss the possible role of photorespiration under stress conditions, such as
drought, high salt concentrations and high light intensities encountered by alpine plants.
2000-10-29
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/164/1/leegoodrc6.pdf
Wingler, A., Lea, P.J., Quick, W.P. et al. (1 more author) (2000) Photorespiration: metabolic pathways and their role in stress protection. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London Series B - Biological Sciences, 355 (1402). pp. 1517-1529. ISSN 0962-8436
doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0712
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:169
2014-06-04T09:03:22Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169/
The measurement of lubricant-film thickness using ultrasound
Dwyer-Joyce, R.S.
Drinkwater, B.W.
Donohoe, C.J.
Ultrasound is reflected from a liquid layer between two solid bodies. This reflection depends on the ultrasonic frequency, the acoustic properties of the liquid and solid, and the layer thickness. If the wavelength is much greater than the liquid-layer thickness, then the response is governed by the stiffness of the layer. If the wavelength and layer thickness are similar, then the interaction of ultrasound with the layer is controlled by its resonant behaviour. This stiffness governed response and resonant response can be used to determine the thickness of the liquid layer, if the other parameters are known.
In this paper, ultrasound has been developed as a method to determine the thickness of lubricating films in bearing systems. An ultrasonic transducer is positioned on the outside of a bearing shell such that the wave is focused on the lubricant-film layer. The transducer is used to both emit and receive wide-band ultrasonic pulses. For a particular lubricant film, the reflected pulse is processed to give a reflection-coefficient spectrum. The lubricant-film thickness is then obtained from either the layer stiffness or the resonant frequency.
The method has been validated using fluid wedges at ambient pressure between flat and curved surfaces. Experiments on the elastohydrodynamic film formed between a sliding ball and a flat surface were performed. Film-thickness values in the range 50-500 nm were recorded, which agreed well with theoretical film-formation predictions. Similar measurements have been made on the oil film between the balls and outer raceway of a deep-groove ball bearing.
2003-04-08
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169/1/dwyer-joycers1.pdf
Dwyer-Joyce, R.S., Drinkwater, B.W. and Donohoe, C.J. (2003) The measurement of lubricant-film thickness using ultrasound. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series A: Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 459 (2032). pp. 957-976. ISSN 1471-2946
doi:10.1098/rspa.2002.1018
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:170
2014-06-05T22:44:10Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/170/
Comparison of chemical clustering methods using graph- and fingerprint-based similarity measures
Raymond, J.W.
Blankley, C.J.
Willett, P.
This paper compares several published methods for clustering chemical structures, using both graph- and fingerprint-based similarity measures. The clusterings from each method were compared to determine the degree of cluster overlap. Each method was also evaluated on how well it grouped structures into clusters possessing a non-trivial substructural commonality. The methods which employ adjustable parameters were tested to determine the stability of each parameter for datasets of varying size and composition. Our experiments suggest that both graph- and fingerprint-based similarity measures can be used effectively for generating chemical clusterings; it is also suggested that the CAST and Yin–Chen methods, suggested recently for the clustering of gene expression patterns, may also prove effective for the clustering of 2D chemical structures.
2003-03
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/170/1/willettp4.pdf
Raymond, J.W., Blankley, C.J. and Willett, P. (2003) Comparison of chemical clustering methods using graph- and fingerprint-based similarity measures. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 21 (5). pp. 421-433. ISSN 1093-3263
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/JMGM
doi:10.1016/S1093-3263(02)00188-2
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:171
2014-06-06T15:40:59Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171/
Automatic generation of alignments for 3D QSAR analyses
Jewell, N.E.
Turner, D.B.
Willett, P.
Sexton, G.J.
Many 3D QSAR methods require the alignment of the molecules in a dataset, which can require a fair amount of manual effort in deciding upon a rational basis for the superposition. This paper describes the use of FBSS, a pro-ram for field-based similarity searching in chemical databases, for generating such alignments automatically. The CoMFA and CoMSIA experiments with several literature datasets show that the QSAR models resulting from the FBSS alignments are broadly comparable in predictive performance with the models resulting from manual alignments.
2001
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/171/1/willettp6.pdf
Jewell, N.E., Turner, D.B., Willett, P. et al. (1 more author) (2001) Automatic generation of alignments for 3D QSAR analyses. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 20 (2). pp. 111-121. ISSN 1093-3263
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/JMGM
doi:10.1016/S1093-3263(01)00110-3
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:172
2014-06-05T05:08:47Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/172/
Effectiveness of retrieval in similarity searches of chemical databases: A review of performance measures
Edgar, S.J.
Holliday, J.D.
Willett, P.
This article reviews measures for evaluating the effectiveness of similarity searches in chemical databases, drawing principally upon the many measures that have been described previously for evaluating the performance of text search engines. The use of the various measures is exemplified by fragment-based 2D similarity searches on several databases for which both structural and bioactivity data are available. It is concluded that the cumulative recall and G-H score measures are the most useful of those tested.
2000-08
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/172/1/willettp7.pdf
Edgar, S.J., Holliday, J.D. and Willett, P. (2000) Effectiveness of retrieval in similarity searches of chemical databases: A review of performance measures. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, 18 (4-5). pp. 343-357. ISSN 1093-3263
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/JMGM
doi:10.1016/S1093-3263(00)00061-9
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:173
2014-06-04T20:26:31Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/173/
Chemoinformatics Research at the University of Sheffield: A History and Citation Analysis
Bishop, N.
Gillet, V.J.
Holliday, J.D.
Willett, P.
This paper reviews the work of the Chemoinformatics Research Group in the Department of Information Studies at the University of Sheffield, focusing particularly on the work carried out in the period 1985-2002. Four major research areas are discussed, these involving the development of methods for: substructure searching in databases of three-dimensional structures, including both rigid and flexible molecules; the representation and searching of the Markush structures that occur in chemical patents; similarity searching in databases of both two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures; and compound selection and the design of combinatorial libraries. An analysis of citations to 321 publications from the Group shows that it attracted a total of 3725 residual citations during the period 1980-2002. These citations appeared in 411 different journals, and involved 910 different citing organizations from 54 different countries, thus demonstrating the widespread impact of the Group's work.
2003-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/173/1/willettp5.pdf
Bishop, N., Gillet, V.J., Holliday, J.D. et al. (1 more author) (2003) Chemoinformatics Research at the University of Sheffield: A History and Citation Analysis. Journal of Information Science, 29 (4). pp. 249-267. ISSN 0165-5515
http://jis.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/29/4/249
10.1177/01655515030294003
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:174
2014-06-04T17:30:51Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174/
Webometric analysis of departments of librarianship and information science
Thomas, O.
Willett, P.
This paper describes a webometric analysis of the linkages (or ‘sitations’) to websites associated with departments of librarianship and informaton science (LIS). Some of the observed sitation counts appear counter-intuitive and there is only a very limited correlation with peer evaluations of research performance, with many of the sitations being from pages that are far removed in subject matter from LIS. Our conclusions are that sitation data are now well suited to the quantitative evaluation of the research status of LIS departments and that departments can best boost their web visibility by hosting as wide a range of types of material as possible.
2000-12
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174/1/willettp3.pdf
Thomas, O. and Willett, P. (2000) Webometric analysis of departments of librarianship and information science. Journal of Information Science, 26 (6). pp. 421-428. ISSN 0165-5515
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:175
2014-06-05T12:05:10Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/175/
Evaluation of the EVA Descriptor for QSAR Studies: 3. The use of a Genetic Algorithm to Search for Models with Enhanced Predictive Properties (EVA_GA)
Turner, D.B.
Willett, P.
The EVA structural descriptor, based upon calculated fundamental molecular vibrational frequencies, has proved to be an effective descriptor for both QSAR and database similarity calculations. The descriptor is sensitive to 3D structure but has an advantage over field-based 3D-QSAR methods inasmuch as structural superposition is not required. The original technique involves a standardisation method wherein uniform Gaussians of fixed standard deviation (σ) are used to smear out frequencies projected onto a linear scale. This smearing function permits the overlap of proximal frequencies and thence the extraction of a fixed dimensional descriptor regardless of the number and precise values of the frequencies. It is proposed here that there exist optimal localised values of σ in different spectral regions; that is, the overlap of frequencies using uniform Gaussians may, at certain points in the spectrum, either be insufficient to pick up relationships where they exist or mix up information to such an extent that significant correlations are obscured by noise. A genetic algorithm is used to search for optimal localised σ values using crossvalidated PLS regression scores as the fitness score to be optimised. The resultant models are then validated against a previously unseen test set of compounds. The performance of EVA_GA is compared to that of EVA and analogous CoMFA studies.
Springer Netherlands
2000-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/175/1/willettp8.pdf
Turner, D.B. and Willett, P. (2000) Evaluation of the EVA Descriptor for QSAR Studies: 3. The use of a Genetic Algorithm to Search for Models with Enhanced Predictive Properties (EVA_GA). Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 14 (1). pp. 1-21. ISSN 1573-4951
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008180020974
doi:10.1023/A:1008180020974
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:195
2014-06-04T08:44:24Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/195/
Postcopulatory sexual selection
Birkhead, T.R.
Pizzari, T.
The female reproductive tract is where competition between the sperm of different males takes place, aided and abetted by the female herself. Intense postcopulatory sexual selection fosters inter-sexual conflict and drives rapid evolutionary change to generate a startling diversity of morphological, behavioural and physiological adaptations. We identify three main issues that should be resolved to advance our understanding of postcopulatory sexual selection. We need to determine the genetic basis of different male fertility traits and female traits that mediate sperm selection; identify the genes or genomic regions that control these traits; and establish the coevolutionary trajectory of sexes.
2002-04-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/195/1/birkheadtr2.pdf
Birkhead, T.R. and Pizzari, T. (2002) Postcopulatory sexual selection. Nature Reviews Genetics, 3 (4). pp. 262-273. ISSN 1471-0056
http://www.nature.com/reviews/genetics
doi:10.1038/nrg774
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:196
2014-06-06T08:45:45Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/196/
Ejaculate allocation by male sand martins, Riparia riparia
Nicholls, E.H.
Burke, T.
Birkhead, T.R.
Males of many species allocate sperm to ejaculates strategically in response to variation in the risk and intensity of sperm competition. The notable exception is passerine birds, in which evidence for strategic allocation is absent. Here we report the results of a study testing for strategic ejaculate allocation in a passerine bird, the sand martin (Riparia riparia). Natural ejaculates were collected from males copulating with a model female. Ejaculates transferred in the presence of a rival male contained significantly more sperm than ejaculates transferred in the absence of a rival male. There was no evidence that this difference was due to the confounding effects of the year of ejaculate collection, the identity of the model female, the colony, the stage of season or the period of the day in which ejaculates were collected. A more detailed examination of the ejaculate patterns of individual males, achieved by the DNA profiling of ejaculates, provided additional evidence for strategic allocation of sperm.
2001-06-22
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/196/1/birkheadtr3.pdf
Nicholls, E.H., Burke, T. and Birkhead, T.R. (2001) Ejaculate allocation by male sand martins, Riparia riparia. Proceedings of the Royal Soceity Series B: Biological Sciences, 268 (1473). pp. 1265-1270. ISSN 1471-2954
http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1615
doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1615
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:197
2014-06-04T13:24:36Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197/
No evidence for killer sperm or other selective interactions between human spermatozoa in ejaculates of different males in vitro
Moore, H.D.M.
Martin, M.
Birkhead, T.R.
This study examines one of the possible mechanisms of sperm competition, i.e. the kamikaze sperm hypothesis. This hypothesis states that sperm from different males interact to incapacitate each other in a variety of ways. We used ejaculates from human donors to compare mixes of semen in vitro from the same or different males. We measured the following parameters: (i) the degree of sperm aggregation, velocity and proportion of morphologically normal sperm after 1 and 3 h incubation in undiluted semen samples, (ii) the proportion of viable sperm plus the same parameters as in (i) in 'swim-up' sperm suspensions after 1 and 3 h incubation, (iii) the degree of self and non-self sperm aggregation using fluorescent dyes to distinguish the sperm of different males, and (iv) the extent of sperm capacitation and acrosome-reacted sperm in mixtures of sperm from the same and different males. We observed very few significant changes in sperm aggregation or performance in mixtures of sperm from different males compared with mixtures from the same male and none that were consistent with previously reported findings. The incapacitation of rival sperm therefore seems an unlikely mechanism of sperm competition in humans.
1999-12-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/197/1/birkheadtr4.pdf
Moore, H.D.M., Martin, M. and Birkhead, T.R. (1999) No evidence for killer sperm or other selective interactions between human spermatozoa in ejaculates of different males in vitro. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences, 266 (1436). p. 2343. ISSN 1471-2954
http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk./openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0929
doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0929
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:198
2014-06-06T15:04:31Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/198/
Sperm mobility determines the outcome of sperm competition in the domestic fowl
Birkhead, T.R.
Martinez, J.G.
Burke, T.
Froman, D.P.
The aim of this study was to establish whether the mobility of sperm of the domestic fowl, as measured by an in vitro assay, predicted the outcome of sperm competition. Thirteen pairs of New Hampshire roosters, comprising one male categorized as having high-mobility sperm and the other as having average-mobility sperm, were used. Each male provided 25 times 106 sperm, which were mixed and artificially inseminated into between four and seven New Hampshire hens, each of which produced 2 to 11 offspring. The experiment was conducted twice, such that the same pair of males inseminated the same females. Paternity was assigned by using microsatellite markers. There was a clear effect of sperm-mobility phenotype on the outcome of sperm competition: in all 13 pairs the high-mobility male fathered the majority of offspring (73.3% overall; p < 0.0001). The proportion of offspring fathered by the high-mobility male within pairs varied significantly between male pairs (p < 0.0005). This effect was associated with the difference in sperm-mobility scores between males within pairs: there was a significant positive relationship between the proportion of offspring fathered by the high-mobility male and the ratio of mobility scores between males (p < 0.05). In addition, compared with their success predicted from the non-competitive situation, in the competitive situation high-mobility males were disproportionately successful in fertilizing eggs compared with average-mobility males. This may occur because female sperm storage is limited in some way and a greater proportion of high-mobility sperm gain access to the female's sperm storage tubules. There was no evidence that female effects accounted for any of the variation in paternity.
1999-09-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/198/1/birkheadtr5.pdf
Birkhead, T.R., Martinez, J.G., Burke, T. et al. (1 more author) (1999) Sperm mobility determines the outcome of sperm competition in the domestic fowl. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences, 266 (1430). p. 1759. ISSN 1471-2954
http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0843
doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0843
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:211
2014-06-06T18:12:47Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/211/
The Penalty of a Long, Hot Summer. Photosynthetic Acclimation to High CO2 and Continuous Light in “Living Fossil” Conifers
Osborne, C.P.
Beerling, D.J.
Deciduous forests covered the ice-free polar regions 280 to 40 million years ago under warm “greenhouse” climates and high atmospheric pCO2. Their deciduous habit is frequently interpreted as an adaptation for minimizing carbon losses during winter, but experiments with “living fossils” in a simulated warm polar environment refute this explanation. Measured carbon losses through leaf abscission of deciduous trees are significantly greater than losses through winter respiration in evergreens, yet annual rates of primary productivity are similar in all species. Here, we investigate mechanisms underlying this apparent paradox by measuring the seasonal patterns of leaf photosynthesis (A) under pCO2 enrichment in the same trees. During spring, A increased significantly in coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and swamp cypress (Taxodium distichum) at an elevated pCO2 of 80 Pa compared with controls at 40 Pa. However, strong acclimation in Rubisco carboxylation capacity (Vc,max) completely offset the CO2 response of A in all species by the end of 6 weeks of continuous illumination in the simulated polar summer. Further measurements demonstrated the temporary nature of acclimation, with increases in Vc,max during autumn restoring the CO2 sensitivity of A. Contrary to expectations, the acclimation of Vc,max was not always accompanied by accumulation of leaf carbohydrates, but was associated with a decline in leaf nitrogen in summer, suggesting an alteration of the balance in plant sources and sinks for carbon and nitrogen. Preliminary calculations using A indicated that winter carbon losses through deciduous leaf abscission and respiration were recovered by 10 to 25 d of canopy carbon fixation during summer, thereby explaining the productivity paradox.
2003-10
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/211/1/osbornecp3.pdf
Osborne, C.P. and Beerling, D.J. (2003) The Penalty of a Long, Hot Summer. Photosynthetic Acclimation to High CO2 and Continuous Light in “Living Fossil” Conifers. Plant Physiology, 133 (2). pp. 803-812. ISSN 1532-2548
doi:10.1104/pp.103.026567
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:212
2014-06-05T15:09:44Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/212/
Does Leaf Position within a Canopy Affect Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2? . Analysis of a Wheat Crop under Free-Air CO2 Enrichment
Osborne, C.P.
La Roche, J.
Garcia, R.L.
Kimball, B.A.
Wall, G.W.
Pinter Jr, P.J.
La Morte, R.L.
Hendrey, G.R.
Long, S.P.
Previous studies of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 have focused on the most recently expanded, sunlit leaves in the canopy. We examined acclimation in a vertical profile of leaves through a canopy of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The crop was grown at an elevated CO2 partial pressure of 55 Pa within a replicated field experiment using free-air CO2 enrichment. Gas exchange was used to estimate in vivo carboxylation capacity and the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-limited photosynthesis. Net photosynthetic CO2 uptake was measured for leaves in situ within the canopy. Leaf contents of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), light-harvesting-complex (LHC) proteins, and total N were determined. Elevated CO2 did not affect carboxylation capacity in the most recently expanded leaves but led to a decrease in lower, shaded leaves during grain development. Despite this acclimation, in situ photosynthetic CO2 uptake remained higher under elevated CO2. Acclimation at elevated CO2 was accompanied by decreases in both Rubisco and total leaf N contents and an increase in LHC content. Elevated CO2 led to a larger increase in LHC/Rubisco in lower canopy leaves than in the uppermost leaf. Acclimation of leaf photosynthesis to elevated CO2 therefore depended on both vertical position within the canopy and the developmental stage.
1998-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/212/1/osbornecp10.pdf
Osborne, C.P., La Roche, J., Garcia, R.L. et al. (6 more authors) (1998) Does Leaf Position within a Canopy Affect Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2? . Analysis of a Wheat Crop under Free-Air CO2 Enrichment. Plant Physiology, 117 (3). pp. 1037-1045. ISSN 1532-2548
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:213
2014-06-06T07:18:43Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/213/
Does Long-Term Elevation of CO2 Concentration Increase Photosynthesis in Forest Floor Vegetation? (Indiana Strawberry in a Maryland Forest).
Osborne, C.P.
Drake, B.G.
LaRoche, J.
Long, S.P.
As the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the atmosphere rises, photorespiratory loss of carbon in C3 photosynthesis will diminish and the net efficiency of light-limited photosynthetic carbon uptake should rise. We tested this expectation for Indiana strawberry (Duchesnea indica) growing on a Maryland forest floor. Open-top chambers were used to elevate the pCO2 of a forest floor habitat to 67 Pa and were paired with control chambers providing an ambient pCO2 of 38 Pa. After 3.5 years, D. indica leaves grown and measured in the elevated pCO2 showed a significantly greater maximum quantum efficiency of net photosynthesis (by 22%) and a lower light compensation point (by 42%) than leaves grown and measured in the control chambers. The quantum efficiency to minimize photorespiration, measured in 1% O2, was the same for controls and plants grown at elevated pCO2. This showed that the maximum efficiency of light-energy transduction into assimilated carbon was not altered by acclimation and that the increase in light-limited photosynthesis at elevated pCO2 was simply a function of the decrease in photorespiration. Acclimation did decrease the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and light-harvesting chlorophyll protein content of the leaf by more than 30%. These changes were associated with a decreased capacity for light-saturated, but not light-limited, photosynthesis. Even so, leaves of D. indica grown and measured at elevated pCO2 showed greater light-saturated photosynthetic rates than leaves grown and measured at the current atmospheric pCO2. In situ measurements under natural forest floor lighting showed large increases in leaf photosynthesis at elevated pCO2, relative to controls, in both summer and fall. The increase in efficiency of light-limited photosynthesis with elevated pCO2 allowed positive net photosynthetic carbon uptake on days and at locations on the forest floor that light fluxes were insufficient for positive net photosynthesis in the current atmospheric pCO2.
1997-05
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/213/1/osbornecp11.pdf
Osborne, C.P., Drake, B.G., LaRoche, J. et al. (1 more author) (1997) Does Long-Term Elevation of CO2 Concentration Increase Photosynthesis in Forest Floor Vegetation? (Indiana Strawberry in a Maryland Forest). Plant Physiology, 114 (1). pp. 337-344. ISSN 1532-2548
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:214
2014-06-05T13:22:24Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/214/
Phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in plants. Studies in plants with C4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism and in germinating seeds
Walker, R.P.
Leegood, R.C.
We have previously shown that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is phosphorylated in vivo in the cotyledons of darkened cucumber seedlings and that phosphorylation is reversed by light [Walker and Leegood (1995) FEBS Lett. 362, 70–74]. In this study the molecular mass of PEPCK was estimated in a range of gluconeogenic seedlings and in leaves of C4 plants and plants with Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Phosphorylation of PEPCK was studied in these plants by feeding tissues with [32P]Pi and assessing phosphorylation by SDS/PAGE and autoradiography of either total proteins or of immunoprecipitated protein. In gluconeogenic seedlings and most CAM plants PEPCK had a molecular mass of 74 kDa, whereas in C4 grasses the molecular mass of PEPCK was always smaller and varied from 67–71 kDa. In all gluconeogenic seedlings and leaves of CAM plants PEPCK was phosphorylated, but it was not phosphorylated in all species of C4 grasses studied. In CAM plants, phosphorylation of PEPCK occurred at night and dephosphorylation occurred during the day. In C4 grasses phosphorylation occurred when leaves were darkened and the enzyme was dephosphorylated following illumination, but it was only phosphorylated in those plants with larger (71 kDa) molecular mass forms of PEPCK.
1996-08-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/214/1/leegoodrc9.pdf
Walker, R.P. and Leegood, R.C. (1996) Phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in plants. Studies in plants with C4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism and in germinating seeds. Biochemical Journal, 317 (3). pp. 653-658. ISSN 1470-8728
http://www.biochemj.org/
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:215
2014-06-06T03:29:19Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/215/
Operating Limits for Acoustic Measurement of Rolling Bearing Oil Film Thickness
Dwyer-Joyce, R.S.
Reddyhoff, T.
Drinkwater, B.
An ultrasonic pulse striking a thin layer of liquid trapped between solid bodies will be partially reflected. The proportion reflected is a function of the layer stiffness, which in turn depends on the film thickness and its bulk modulus. In this work, measurements of reflection have been used to determine the thickness of oil films in elastohydrodynamic lubricated (EHL) contacts. A very thin liquid layer behaves like a spring when struck by an ultrasonic pulse. A simple quasi-static spring model can be used to determine the proportion of the ultrasonic waves reflected. Experiments have been performed on a model EHL contact between a ball and a flat surface. A transducer is mounted above the contact such that the ultrasonic wave is focused onto the oil film. The reflected signals are captured and passed to a PC for processing. Fourier analysis gives the reflection spectrum that is then used to determine the stiffness of the liquid layer and hence its thickness. In further testing, an ultrasonic transducer has been mounted in the housing of a deep-groove ball bearing to measure the film generated at the outer raceway as each ball passes. Results from both the ball-flat and ball bearing measurements agree well with steady-state theoretical EHL predictions. The limits of the measuring technique, in terms of the measurable rolling bearing size and operating parameters, have been investigated.
2004-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/215/1/dwyer-joycers2.pdf
Dwyer-Joyce, R.S., Reddyhoff, T. and Drinkwater, B. (2004) Operating Limits for Acoustic Measurement of Rolling Bearing Oil Film Thickness. Tribology Transactions, 47 (3). pp. 366-375. ISSN 1547-397X
http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&id=doi:10.1080/05698190490455410
doi:10.1080/05698190490455410
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:216
2014-06-04T18:54:01Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/216/
The democratic origins of the term "group analysis": Karl Mannheim's "third way" for psychoanalysis and social science.
Winship, G.
It is well known that Foulkes acknowledged Karl Mannheim as the
first to use the term ‘group analysis’. However, Mannheim’s work is
otherwise not well known. This article examines the foundations of
Mannheim’s sociological interest in groups using the Frankfurt
School (1929–1933) as a start point through to the brief correspondence
of 1945 between Mannheim and Foulkes (previously
unpublished). It is argued that there is close conjunction between
Mannheim’s and Foulkes’s revision of clinical psychoanalysis along
sociological lines. Current renderings of the Frankfurt School
tradition pay almost exclusive attention to the American connection
(Herbert Marcuse, Eric Fromm, Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer)
overlooking the contribution of the English connection through
the work of Mannheim and Foulkes.
2003-03
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/216/1/winshipg4.pdf
Winship, G. (2003) The democratic origins of the term "group analysis": Karl Mannheim's "third way" for psychoanalysis and social science. Group Analysis, 36 (1). pp. 37-51. ISSN 0533-3164
http://gaq.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/36/1/37
doi:10.1177/0533316403036001200
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:218
2014-06-04T22:18:20Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/218/
Notes on the technique of psychoanalytic infant observation: A group-analytic training perspective
Winship, G.
Recent developments in the field of psychoanalytic infant observation are considered as a basis for extending the dyadic focus of the technique to encompass a group orientated perspective. A provisional method of 'group-as-a-whole infant observation' is presented using illustrative material and is accompanied by a contextualizing analysis. It is posited that group observation of infants and children may highlight group dynamics in unrefined forms and may therefore be a useful resource not only in the training of group practitioners but also as a way of deepening group and social theory.
2001-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/218/1/winshipg1.pdf
Winship, G. (2001) Notes on the technique of psychoanalytic infant observation: A group-analytic training perspective. Group Analysis, 34 (2). pp. 253-266. ISSN 0533-3164
http://gaq.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/34/2/253
doi:10.1177/05333160122077857
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:219
2014-06-04T08:08:55Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/219/
Jury deliberation: An observation study.
Winship, G.
In this article, the way that the jury works is considered from a
group-analytic perspective. Observational fieldwork of simulated
jury deliberations is presented. The data was gathered from a joint
funded Home Office and Law Commission project at the Socio-
Legal Studies Centre, Oxford in 1995. Inferences are drawn from the
observations and the unconscious group processes are considered.
The efficacy of the jury process is discussed.
2000-12
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/219/1/winshipg3.pdf
Winship, G. (2000) Jury deliberation: An observation study. Group Analysis, 33 (4). pp. 547-557. ISSN 0533-3164
http://gaq.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/33/4/547
doi:10.1177/05333160022077452
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:220
2014-06-05T00:26:45Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/220/
The formation of objects in the group matrix: Reflections on creative therapy with clay
Winship, G.
Haigh, R.
In this article describes an experimental group experience where five people worked in silence for 20 minutes around a 2 ft square slate using clay as a medium for communication as part of a creative therapy session on an inpatient psychiatric ward. The interaction culminated in a group sculpt. It is suggested that the process of the sculpting may throw some light on the formation of objects in the unconscious group matrix. The article is intended as a contribution towards the debate about the potential symbiosis between group analysis and the creative therapies (Waller) as well as the basis for further investigation into Rey's question about the formation of group matrix.
1998-03
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/220/1/winshipg2.pdf
Winship, G. and Haigh, R. (1998) The formation of objects in the group matrix: Reflections on creative therapy with clay. Group Analysis, 31 (1). pp. 71-81. ISSN 0533-3164
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:230
2014-06-04T16:54:46Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/230/
Going Beyond the Kantian Philosophy: On McDowell's Hegelian Critique of Kant
Stern, R.
The Kant-Hegel relation has a continuing fascination for commentators on Hegel, and understandbly so: for, taking this route into the Hegelian jungle can promise many advantages. First, it can set Hegel's thought against a background with which we are fairly familiar, and in a way that makes its relevance clearly apparent; second, it can help us locate Hegel in the broader philisophical tradition, making us see that the traditional "analytic jump from Kant to Frege leaves out a crucial period in post-Kantian thought, third, it can show Hegel in a progressive light, as attempting to take that tradition further forward; fourth, it can help us locate familiar philisophical issues in Hegelian thought that other-wise can appear whooly sui generis; and finally, and perhaps most importantly of all, focusing on this relation can help raise and crystalise some of the fascinating ambiguties concerning Hegel's outlook, regarding whether Hegel's response to Kant shows him to have been a reactionary, Romantic, pre-critical thinker, who sought to turn the philosophical clock back to a time before Kant had written, or a modernist, Enlightented and essentially critical one, who remained true to the spirit if not the letter of Kant's philosophy.
1999-08
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/230/1/sternr2.pdf
Stern, R. (1999) Going Beyond the Kantian Philosophy: On McDowell's Hegelian Critique of Kant. European Journal of Philosophy, 7 (2). pp. 247-269. ISSN 1468-0378
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
doi:10.1111/1468-0378.00085
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:233
2014-06-04T18:16:47Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/233/
Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity
Rodrigues, A.S.L.
Andelman, S.J.
Bakarr, M.I.
Boitani, L.
Brooks, T.M.
Cowling, R.M.
Fishpool, L.D.C.
da Fonseca, G.A.B.
Gaston, K.J.
Hoffmann, M.
Long, J.S.
Marquet, P.A.
Pilgrim, J.D.
Pressey, R.L.
Schipper, J.
Sechrest, W.
Stuart, S.N.
Underhill, L.G.
Waller, R.W.
Watts, M.E.J.
Yan, X.
The Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, announced in September 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11.5% of the planet's land surface. This surpasses the 10% target proposed a decade earlier, at the Caracas Congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. Such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. Although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. In practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. Here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. We show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform—that is, 'one size fits all'—conservation targets.
2004-04-08
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/233/1/gastonkj1.pdf
Rodrigues, A.S.L., Andelman, S.J., Bakarr, M.I. et al. (18 more authors) (2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature, 428 (6983). pp. 640-643. ISSN 0028-0836
http://www.nature.com/nature
doi:10.1038/nature02422
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:263
2015-11-17T15:48:59Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/263/
The SF36 as an outcome measure of services for end stage renal failure
Wight, J.P.
Edwards, L.
Brazier, J.E.
Walters, S.
Payne, J.N.
Brown, C.B.
OBJECTIVE: —To evaluate the use of the short
form 36 (SF36) as a measure of health
related quality of life of patients with end
stage renal failure, document the results,
and investigate factors, including mode of
treatment, which may influence it.
DESIGN: Cross sectional survey of patients
with end stage renal failure, with the
standard United Kingdom version of the
SF36 supplemented by specific questions
for end stage renal failure.
SETTING: A teaching hospital renal unit.
Subjects and methods—660 patients
treated at the Sheffield Kidney Institute by
haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and
transplantation. Internal consistency, percentage
of maximal or minimal responses,
SF36 scores, effect sizes, correlations
between independent predictor variables
and individual dimension scores of the
SF36. Multiple regression analysis of the
SF36 scores for the physical functioning,
vitality, and mental health dimensions
against treatment, age, risk (comorbidity)
score, and other independent variables.
RESULTS: A high response rate was
achieved. Internal consistency was good.
There were no floor or ceiling effects other
than for the two “role” dimensions. Overall
health related quality of life was poor
compared with the general population.
Having a functioning transplant was a significant
predictor of higher score in the
three dimensions (physical functioning,
vitality, and mental health) for which
multiple regression models were constructed.
Age, sex, comorbidity, duration
of treatment, level of social and emotional
support, household numbers, and hospital
dialysis were also (variably) significant
predictors.
CONCLUSIONS: The SF36 is a practical and
consistent questionnaire in this context,
and there is evidence to support its
construct validity. Overall the health related
quality of life of these patients is
poor, although transplantation is associated
with higher scores independently of
the effect of age and comorbidity. Age,
comorbidity, and sex are also predictive of
the scores attained in the three dimensions
studied. Further studies are required
to ascertain whether altering those
predictor variables which are under the
influence of professional carers is associated
with changes in health related quality
of life, and thus confirm the value of this
outcome as a measure of quality of care.
1998-12
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/263/1/brazierje1.pdf
Wight, J.P., Edwards, L., Brazier, J.E. et al. (3 more authors) (1998) The SF36 as an outcome measure of services for end stage renal failure. Quality in Health Care, 7 (4). pp. 209-221. ISSN 0963-8172
http://qhc.bmjjournals.com/
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:264
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/264/
Comparison of outcome measures for patients
with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) in an outpatient setting
Harper, R.
Brazier, J.E.
Waterhouse, J.C.
Walters, S.J.
Jones, N.M.B.
Howard, P.
BACKGROUND: To assist clinicians and researchers in choosing outcome measures for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease attending routine outpatient clinics, a comparative assessment was undertaken of four questionnaires designed to reflect the patients' perception of their physical and emotional health in terms of their feasibility, validity, reliability, and responsiveness to health change. METHODS: Two condition specific questionnaires, the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Guyatt's Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ), and two generic questionnaires, the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) and Euroqol (EQ), were compared for their discriminative and evaluative properties. Spirometric tests and a walking test were also performed. One hundred and fifty six adults who were clinically judged to have COPD and who attended an outpatient chest clinic were assessed at recruitment and six and 12 months later. Patients were also asked whether their health had changed since their last assessment. RESULTS: Completion rates and consistency between items for dimensions of the SGRQ were lower than for dimensions of the other questionnaires. The distributions of responses were skewed for certain dimensions in all questionnaires except the CRQ. Validity was supported for all instruments insofar as patients' scores were associated with differences in disease severity. The generic questionnaires better reflected other health problems. All instruments were reliable over time. The condition specific questionnaires were more responsive between baseline and first follow up visit but this difference did not persist. While certain dimensions of the SF-36 were responsive to patient perceived changes, this did not apply to the derived single index of the EQ. The rating scale of the EQ, however, provided a quick and easy indicator of change. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study supports the CRQ and the SF-36 as comprehensive outcome measures for patients with longstanding COPD.
1997-10
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/264/1/brazierje2.pdf
Harper, R., Brazier, J.E., Waterhouse, J.C. et al. (3 more authors) (1997) Comparison of outcome measures for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in an outpatient setting. Thorax, 52 (10). pp. 879-887. ISSN 0040-6376
http://thorax.bmjjournals.com/
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:265
2014-06-05T21:31:22Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/265/
The incidence of hypoglycaemia in children with type 1 diabetes and treated asthma
Wright, N.P.
Wales, J.K.H.
AIMS: To investigate whether treatment of coexisting asthma has any effect on the incidence of hypoglycaemia and on glycaemic control in children with type 1 diabetes.
METHODS: An observational study of children attending the paediatric diabetes clinics of five hospitals in the North Trent Region. Information on the frequency of hypoglycaemia in the preceding three months, treatment for asthma, and the individual’s latest HbA1c, was recorded when they attended for review.
RESULTS: Data were collected on 226 children, of whom 27 (12%) had treated asthma. Only 11/27 children with asthma were taking their prescribed inhaled steroids. All used ß agonists at least once a week. There was a reduction of 20% in the incidence of hypoglycaemia in the diabetic children with treated asthma. Of the children with diabetes and treated asthma, 52% reported an episode of hypoglycaemia in the previous three months compared to 72% of those with only diabetes. There was no difference in the proportion of children experiencing nocturnal or severe hypoglycaemia. Although not significant, those with asthma and diabetes also had better overall control (HbA1c 8.8%) compared to those with diabetes alone (HbA1c 9.3%).
CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic children with treated asthma have significantly fewer episodes of hypoglycaemia and better glycaemic control compared to children with diabetes alone. This observation needs further investigation but raises an interesting question. Do the drugs used to treat asthma, in particular ß agonists, have the therapeutic potential to reduce hypoglycaemia and facilitate an improvement in glycaemic control?
2003-02
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/265/1/walesjkh1.pdf
Wright, N.P. and Wales, J.K.H. (2003) The incidence of hypoglycaemia in children with type 1 diabetes and treated asthma. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 88 (2). pp. 155-156. ISSN 0003-9888
http://adc.bmjjournals.com/
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:266
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/266/
Symptomatic adrenal insufficiency during inhaled corticosteroid treatment
Patel, L.
Wales, J.K.H.
Kibirige, M.S.
Massarano, A.A.
Couriel, J.M.
Clayton, P.E.
Symptomatic adrenal insufficiency, presenting
as hypoglycaemia or poor weight
gain, may occur on withdrawal of corticosteroid
treatment but has not previously
been reported during inhaled corticosteroid
treatment. This case series illustrates
the occurence of clinically
significant adrenal insufficiency in asthmatic
children while patients were on
inhaled corticosteroid treatment and the
unexpected modes of presentation. General
practitioners and paediatricians need
to be aware that this unusual but acute
serious complication may occur in patients
treated.
2001-10
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/266/1/walesjkh2.pdf
Patel, L., Wales, J.K.H., Kibirige, M.S. et al. (3 more authors) (2001) Symptomatic adrenal insufficiency during inhaled corticosteroid treatment. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 85 (4). pp. 330-333. ISSN 0003-9888
http://www.archdischild.com/
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:267
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/267/
Sperm mobility: mechanisms of fertilizing
efficiency, genetic variation and phenotypic
relationship with male status in the domestic fowl,
Gallus gallus domesticus
Froman, D.P.
Pizzari, T.
Feltmann, A.J.
Castillo-Juarez, H.
Birkhead, T.R.
When females are sexually promiscuous, sexual selection continues after insemination through sperm
competition and cryptic female choice, and male traits conveying an advantage in competitive fertilization
are selected for. Although individual male and ejaculate traits are known to influence paternity in a competitive
scenario, multiple mechanisms co-occur and interact to determine paternity. The way in which
different traits interact with each other and the mechanisms through which their heritability is maintained
despite selection remain unresolved. In the promiscuous fowl, paternity is determined by the number of
sperm inseminated into a female, which is mediated by male social dominance, and by the quality of the
sperm inseminated, measured as sperm mobility. Here we show that: (i) the number of sperm inseminated
determines how many sperm reach the female sperm-storage sites, and that sperm mobility mediates the
fertilizing efficiency of inseminated sperm, mainly by determining the rate at which sperm are released
from the female storage sites, (ii) like social status, sperm mobility is heritable, and (iii) subdominant
males are significantly more likely to have higher sperm mobility than dominant males. This study indicates
that although the functions of social status and sperm mobility are highly interdependent, the lack of
phenotypic integration of these traits may maintain the variability of male fitness and heritability of fertilizing
efficiency.
2002-03-22
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/267/1/birkheadtr6.pdf
Froman, D.P., Pizzari, T., Feltmann, A.J. et al. (2 more authors) (2002) Sperm mobility: mechanisms of fertilizing efficiency, genetic variation and phenotypic relationship with male status in the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences, 269 (1491). pp. 607-612. ISSN 1471-2954
http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/
doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1925
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:268
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/268/
Efficiency, equity, and NICE clinical guidelines
Wailoo, A.
Roberts, J.
Brazier, J.
McCabe, C.
The stated purpose of clinical guidelines from the United Kingdom's National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) is to "help healthcare professionals and patients make the right decisions about healthcare in specific clinical circumstances." However, what constitutes "the right decisions" depends on your point of view. For individual patients the right decision is that which maximises their wellbeing, and this is properly the concern of the clinician. Yet in resource constrained healthcare systems this will not always coincide with the right decisions for patients in general or society as a whole, thereby leading to some understandable tensions. NICE is a national policy making body whose responsibility is clearly broader than the individual patient. This wider viewpoint is reflected in NICE's technology appraisals by the central role afforded to cost effectiveness. We argue that the methods currently used by the NICE clinical guideline programme confuse these two viewpoints.
2004-03-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
attached
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/268/1/brazierje3.pdf
Wailoo, A., Roberts, J., Brazier, J. et al. (1 more author) (2004) Efficiency, equity, and NICE clinical guidelines. BMJ, 328 (7439). pp. 536-537. ISSN 0959-8138
http://www.bmj.com/
doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7439.536
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:269
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/269/
Cost effectiveness of a community based exercise programme in over 65 year olds: cluster randomised trial
Munro, J.F.
Nicholl, J.P.
Brazier, J.E.
Davey, R.
Cochrane, T.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost effectiveness of a community based exercise programme as a population
wide public health intervention for older adults.
DESIGN: Pragmatic, cluster randomised community intervention trial.
Setting: 12 general practices in Sheffield; four randomly selected as intervention populations, and eight as
control populations.
PARTICIPANTS: All those aged 65 and over in the least active four fifths of the population responding to a
baseline survey. There were 2283 eligible participants from intervention practices and 4137 from control
practices.
INTERVENTION: Eligible subjects were invited to free locally held exercise classes, made available for two
years.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cause and exercise related cause specific mortality and hospital service use
at two years, and health status assessed at baseline, one, and two years using the SF-36. A cost utility
analysis was also undertaken.
RESULTS: Twenty six per cent of the eligible intervention practice population attended one or more exercise
sessions. There were no significant differences in mortality rates, survival times, or admissions. After
adjusting for baseline characteristics, patients in intervention practices had a lower decline in health status,
although this reached significance only for the energy dimension and two composite scores (p,0.05). The
incremental average QALY gain of 0.011 per person in the intervention population resulted in an
incremental cost per QALY ratio of J17 174 (95% CI =J8300 to J87 120).
CONCLUSIONS: Despite a low level of adherence to the exercise programme, there were significant gains in
health related quality of life. The programme was more cost effective than many existing medical
interventions, and would be practical for primary care commissioning agencies to implement.
2004-12
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/269/1/brazierje4.pdf
Munro, J.F., Nicholl, J.P., Brazier, J.E. et al. (2 more authors) (2004) Cost effectiveness of a community based exercise programme in over 65 year olds: cluster randomised trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58 (12). pp. 1004-1010. ISSN 1470-2738
http://www.jech.com/
doi:10.1136/jech.2003.014225
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:277
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/277/
Measures of Health Related quality of life in an imperfect world: a comment on Dowie
Brazier, J.E.
Fitzpatrick, R.
Professor Dowie has written an interesting and
thought provoking paper on a long lasting debate
in the literature on measuring health related
quality of life. The debate between generic and
condition specific measures (CSMs) has not
progressed a great deal with time and he is
right to question a purely psychometric approach
that currently tends to focuses on effect sizes.
He has also presented an interesting challenge
to the compromise solution suggested by a number
of psychometricians to adopt both types of
measure.
2002
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/277/1/brazierje5.pdf
Brazier, J.E. and Fitzpatrick, R. (2002) Measures of Health Related quality of life in an imperfect world: a comment on Dowie. Health Economics, 11 (1). pp. 17-19. ISSN 1057-9230
http://www.interscience.wiley.com/
10.1002/hec.669
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:278
2014-06-06T06:13:49Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/278/
A view from the Bridge: agreement between the SF-6D utility algorithm and the Health utilities Index
O'Brien, B.J.
Spath, M.
Blackhouse, G.
Severens, J.L.
Brazier, J.E.
BACKGROUND: The SF-6D is a new health state classification and utility scoring system based on 6 dimensions (‘6D’)
of the Short Form 36, and permits a ‘‘bridging’’ transformation between SF-36 responses and utilities. The Health
Utilities Index, mark 3 (HUI3) is a valid and reliable multi-attribute health utility scale that is widely used. We
assessed within-subject agreement between SF-6D utilities and those from HUI3.
METHODS: Patients at increased risk of sudden cardiac death and participating in a randomized trial of implantable
defibrillator therapy completed both instruments at baseline. Score distributions were inspected by scatterplot and
histogram and mean score differences compared by paired t-test. Pearson correlation was computed between
instrument scores and also between dimension scores within instruments. Between-instrument agreement was by
intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC).
RESULTS: SF-6D and HUI3 forms were available from 246 patients. Mean scores for HUI3 and SF-6D were 0.61
(95% CI 0.60–0.63) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.54–0.62) respectively; a difference of 0.03 (p50.03). Score intervals for
HUI3 and SF-6D were (-0.21 to 1.0) and (0.30–0.95). Correlation between the instrument scores was 0.58 (95% CI
0.48–0.68) and agreement by ICC was 0.42 (95% CI 0.31–0.52). Correlations between dimensions of SF-6D were
higher than for HUI3.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study casts doubt on the whether utilities and QALYs estimated via SF-6D are comparable with
those from HUI3. Utility differences may be due to differences in underlying concepts of health being measured, or
different measurement approaches, or both. No gold standard exists for utility measurement and the SF-6D is a
valuable addition that permits SF-36 data to be transformed into utilities to estimate QALYs. The challenge is
developing a better understanding as to why these classification-based utility instruments differ so markedly in their
distributions and point estimates of derived utilities.
2003
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/278/1/brazierje6.pdf
O'Brien, B.J., Spath, M., Blackhouse, G. et al. (2 more authors) (2003) A view from the Bridge: agreement between the SF-6D utility algorithm and the Health utilities Index. Health Economics, 12 (11). pp. 975-982. ISSN 1057-9230
http://www.interscience.wiley.com/
doi:10.1002/hec.789
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:279
2014-06-05T15:35:24Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/279/
A comparison of the EQ-5D and the SF-6D across seven patient groups
Brazier, J.E.
Tsuchiya, A.
Roberts, J.
Busschbach, J.
As the number of preference-based instruments grows, it becomes increasingly important to compare different
preference-based measures of health in order to inform an important debate on the choice of instrument. This paper
presents a comparison of two of them, the EQ-5D and the SF-6D (recently developed from the SF-36) across seven
patient/population groups (chronic obstructive airways disease, osteoarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, lower back
pain, leg ulcers, post menopausal women and elderly). The mean SF-6D index value was found to exceed the EQ-5D
by 0.045 and the intraclass correlation coefficient between them was 0.51. Whilst this convergence lends some
support for the validity of these measures, the modest difference at the aggregate level masks more significant
differences in agreement across the patient groups and over severity of illness, with the SF-6D having a smaller range
and lower variance in values. There is evidence for floor effects in the SF-6D and ceiling effects in the EQ-5D. These
discrepancies arise from differences in their health state classifications and the methods used to value them. Further
research is required to fully understand the respective roles of the descriptive systems and the valuation methods and
to examine the implications for estimates of the impact of health care interventions.
2004
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/279/1/brazierje7.pdf
Brazier, J.E., Tsuchiya, A., Roberts, J. et al. (1 more author) (2004) A comparison of the EQ-5D and the SF-6D across seven patient groups. Health Economics, 13 (9). pp. 873-884. ISSN 1057-9230
http://www.interscience.wiley.com/
doi:10.1002/hec.866
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:298
2014-06-04T08:42:12Z
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Does ‘Ought’ Imply ‘Can’? And
Did Kant Think It Does?
Stern, R.
The aim of this article is twofold. First, it is argued that while the principle of ‘ought
implies can’ is certainly plausible in some form, it is tempting to misconstrue it, and that
this has happened in the way it has been taken up in some of the current literature.
Second, Kant’s understanding of the principle is considered. Here it is argued that these
problematic conceptions put the principle to work in a way that Kant does not, so that
there is an important divergence here which can easily be overlooked.
2004-03
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/298/1/sternr1.pdf
Stern, R. (2004) Does ‘Ought’ Imply ‘Can’? And Did Kant Think It Does? Utilitas, 16 (1). pp. 42-61. ISSN 0953-8208
doi:10.1017/S0953820803001055
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:299
2014-06-05T03:09:04Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/299/
Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis
Hind, D.
Calvert, N.
McWilliams, R.
Davidson, A.
Paisley, S.
Beverley, C.
Thomas, S.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the evidence for the clinical
effectiveness of ultrasound guided central venous
cannulation.
DATA SOURCES: 15 electronic bibliographic databases,
covering biomedical, science, social science, health
economics, and grey literature.
DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of
randomised controlled trials.
POPULATIONS: Patients scheduled for central venous
access.
INTERVENTION REVIEWED: Guidance using real time two
dimensional ultrasonography or Doppler needles and
probes compared with the anatomical landmark
method of cannulation.
DATA EXTRACTION: Risk of failed catheter placement
(primary outcome), risk of complications from
placement, risk of failure on first attempt at
placement, number of attempts to successful
catheterisation, and time (seconds) to successful
catheterisation.
DATA SYNTHESIS: 18 trials (1646 participants) were
identified. Compared with the landmark method, real
time two dimensional ultrasound guidance for
cannulating the internal jugular vein in adults was
associated with a significantly lower failure rate both
overall (relative risk 0.14, 95% confidence interval
0.06 to 0.33) and on the first attempt (0.59, 0.39 to
0.88). Limited evidence favoured two dimensional
ultrasound guidance for subclavian vein and femoral
vein procedures in adults (0.14, 0.04 to 0.57 and 0.29,
0.07 to 1.21, respectively). Three studies in infants
confirmed a higher success rate with two dimensional
ultrasonography for internal jugular procedures (0.15,
0.03 to 0.64). Doppler guided cannulation of the
internal jugular vein in adults was more successful
than the landmark method (0.39, 0.17 to 0.92), but the
landmark method was more successful for subclavian
vein procedures (1.48, 1.03 to 2.14). No significant
difference was found between these techniques for
cannulation of the internal jugular vein in infants. An
indirect comparison of relative risks suggested that
two dimensional ultrasonography would be more
successful than Doppler guidance for subclavian vein
procedures in adults (0.09, 0.02 to 0.38).
CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supports the use of two
dimensional ultrasonography for central venous
cannulation.
2003-08-16
Article
PeerReviewed
text
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/299/1/hindd1.pdf
Hind, D., Calvert, N., McWilliams, R. et al. (4 more authors) (2003) Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis. BMJ, 327 (7411). pp. 361-364. ISSN 0959-8138
http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/327/7411/361/
doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7411.361
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:300
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/300/
Clinical features of a novel TIMP-3 mutation causing Sorsby's fundus dystrophy: implications for disease mechanism
Clarke, M.
Mitchell, K.W.
Goodship, J.
McDonnell, S.
Barker, M.D.
Griffiths, I.D.
McKie, N.
AIMS: To describe the phenotype in three family members affected by a novel mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3).
METHODS: Three members of the same family were seen with a history of nyctalopia and visual loss due to maculopathy. Clinical features were consistent with Sorsby's fundus dystrophy. Exon 5 of the gene coding for TIMP-3 was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, single strand conformation polymorphism analysis undertaken and exon 5 amplicons were directly sequenced.
RESULTS: Onset of symptoms was in the third to fourth decade. Five of six eyes had geographic macular atrophy rather than neovascularisation as a cause for central visual loss. Peripheral retinal pigmentary disturbances were present. Scotopic ERGs were abnormal in all three. Mutation analysis showed a GT transversion in all three resulting in a premature termination codon, E139X, deleting most of the carboxy terminal domain of TIMP-3.
CONCLUSIONS: The patients described had a form of Sorsby's fundus dystrophy which fell at the severe end of the spectrum of this disease. Postulated disease mechanisms include deposition of dimerised TIMP-3 protein.
2001-12
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/300/1/barkermd1.pdf
Clarke, M., Mitchell, K.W., Goodship, J. et al. (4 more authors) (2001) Clinical features of a novel TIMP-3 mutation causing Sorsby's fundus dystrophy: implications for disease mechanism. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 85 (12). pp. 1429-1431. ISSN 1468-2079
http://bjo.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/85/12/1429
doi:10.1136/bjo.85.12.1429
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:301
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/301/
Tragedy of the commons in Melipona bees
Wenseleers, T.
Ratnieks, F.L.W.
In human society selfish use of common resources
can lead to disaster, a situation known as the ‘tragedy
of the commons’ (TOC). Although a TOC is
usually prevented by coercion, theory predicts that
close kinship ties can also favour reduced exploitation.
We test this prediction using data on a TOC
occurring in Melipona bee societies.
2004-08-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/301/1/ratnieksflw3.pdf
Wenseleers, T. and Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2004) Tragedy of the commons in Melipona bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences, 271 (1 (Sup). S310-S312. ISSN 0962-8452
http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/
doi:10.1098/rsbl.2003.0159
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:302
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/302/
Worker policing by egg eating in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla inversa
D'Ettorre, P.
Heinze, J.
Ratnieks, F.L.W.
We investigated worker policing by egg eating in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla inversa, a species with
morphologically distinct queens and workers. Colonies were split into one half with the queen and one
half without. Workers in queenless colony fragments started laying unfertilized male eggs after three weeks.
Worker-laid eggs and queen-laid eggs were introduced into five other queenright colonies with a single
queen and three colonies with multiple queens, and their fate was observed for 30 min. Significantly more
worker-laid eggs (range of 35–62%, mean of 46%) than queen-laid eggs (range of 5–31%, mean of 15%)
were eaten by workers in single-queen colonies, and the same trend was seen in multiple-queen colonies.
This seems to be the first well-documented study of ants with a distinct caste polymorphism to show that
workers kill worker-laid eggs in preference to queen-laid eggs. Chemical analyses showed that the surfaces
of queen-laid and worker-laid eggs have different chemical profiles as a result of different relative proportions
of several hydrocarbons. Such differences might provide the information necessary for differential
treatment of eggs. One particular alkane, 3,11-dimeC27, was significantly more abundant on the surfaces
of queen-laid eggs. This substance is also the most abundant compound on the cuticles of egg layers.
2004-07-07
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/302/1/ratnieksflw4.pdf
D'Ettorre, P., Heinze, J. and Ratnieks, F.L.W. (2004) Worker policing by egg eating in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla inversa. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological Sciences, 271 (1546). pp. 1427-1434. ISSN 0962-8452
doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2742
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:304
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/304/
An information processing view of fringe consciousness
May, J.
Commentary on: Mangan, B. (2001) Sensation's ghost: the non-sensory "fringe" of consciousness. Psyche, 7(18), October 2001 http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v7/psyche-7-18-mangan.html
In posing the sense of 'Rightness' as a quality-of-processing measure, Mangan runs the risk of a homuncular argument, since some process needs to observe Rightness, as well as the sensory qualia. Interacting Cognitive Subsystems (ICS) is an information processing account of cognitive activity that is concordant with Mangan's arguments, but which avoids the need for any supervisory system or central executive. The approach models thought as the flow of information between nine different levels of mental representation, and includes a distinction between an unselective diffuse awareness of all active levels of representation, and a selective focal awareness of a single topic of processing. A distinction is introduced between two non-sensory representations: propositional and implicational meaning. While the propositional representations can be easily verbalised, the sensory and implicational representations can only be verbalised via propositional representations. All representations are accessible, although implications and sensory representations are harder to express verbally. As a principled model, ICS can be mapped into anatomical and neural models, supporting argumentation about physical pathways in the brain and functional pathways in the mind.
2004-05
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/304/1/mayj1.pdf
May, J. (2004) An information processing view of fringe consciousness. Psyche, 10 (1). pp. 1-9. ISSN 1039-723X
http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:306
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/306/
Systems, interactions and macrotheory
Barnard, P.
May, J.
Duke, D.
Duce, D.
A significant proportion of early HCI research was guided by one very clear vision: that the existing theory base in psychology and cognitive science could be developed to yield engineering tools for use in the interdisciplinary context of HCI design. While interface technologies and heuristic methods for behavioral evaluation have rapidly advanced in both capability and breadth of application, progress toward deeper theory has been modest, and some now believe it to be unnecessary. A case is presented for developing new forms of theory, based around generic “systems of interactors.” An overlapping, layered structure of macro- and microtheories could then serve an explanatory role, and could also bind together contributions from the different disciplines. Novel routes to formalizing and applying such theories provide a host of interesting and tractable problems for future basic research in HCI.
2000-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/306/1/mayj2.pdf
Barnard, P., May, J., Duke, D. et al. (1 more author) (2000) Systems, interactions and macrotheory. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 7 (2). pp. 222-262. ISSN 1073-0516
http://www.acm.org/pubs/tochi/
doi:10.1145/353485.353490
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:309
2010-05-18T18:14:32Z
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/309/
Systematic review and economic evaluation of a long-acting insulin analogue, insulin glargine
Warren, E.
Weatherley-Jones, E.
Chilcott, J.
Beverley, C.
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to evaluate the use of insulin glargine in its licensed basal-bolus indication in terms of both clinical and cost-effectiveness.
METHODS: A systematic review of the literature, involving a range of databases, was performed to identify all papers relating to insulin glargine.
RESULTS: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria but full reports were available for only six. For type 1 diabetes patients, insulin glargine appears to be more effective than neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) in reducing fasting blood glucose (FBG) but not in reducing glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and there is some evidence that both insulins are as effective as each other in both FBG and HbA1c control. For type 2 patients for whom oral antidiabetic agents provide inadequate glycaemic control, there is no evidence that insulin glargine is more effective than NPH in reducing either FBG or HbA1c and some evidence that both insulins are as effective as each other in both FBG and HbA1c control.
Evidence for control of hypoglycaemia is equivocal. In studies where insulin glargine is demonstrated to be superior to NPH in controlling nocturnal hypoglycaemia, this may be only apparent when compared with once-daily NPH and not twice-daily NPH. Further, this superiority of glargine over NPH in the control of nocturnal hypoglycaemia may relate to one formulation of insulin glargine (HOE901[80]) and not another (HOE901[30]). There is no conclusive evidence that insulin glargine is superior to NPH in controlling symptomatic hypoglycaemia and severe hypoglycaemia. Insufficient data are available to conclude whether insulin glargine is different from each of the commonly used NPH dosing regimens: once daily and more than once daily.
Given the lack of a published evidence base for the cost-effectiveness of insulin glargine, the economic review concentrates on a review of the industry submission and an amended ScHARR model. Three economic models are provided in the submission, two relating to type 1 diabetes (previously on other basal-bolus regimes or previously on premix therapies) and one relating to type 2 diabetes. All three models compare the cost–utility of insulin glargine against NPH insulin. In general, the structures of the models are poor. In all three models, mistakes relating to assumptions and calculations have been made. The industry submission concludes that insulin glargine is highly cost-effective in all three models.The cost-effectiveness of insulin glargine in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is highly sensitive to the amount of utility associated with reducing the fear of hypoglycaemia. The industry submission explores this issue through a number of analyses and the claimed base case is based on the most favourable of these analyses. By changing this assumption, the cost per QALY ranges from cost-effective to not cost-effective.
CONCLUSIONS:The evidence suggests that, compared with NPH insulin, insulin glargine is effective in reducing the number of nocturnal hypoglycaemic episodes, especially when compared with once-daily NPH. There appears to be no improvement in long-term glycaemic control and therefore insulin glargine is unlikely to reduce the incidence of the long-term microvascular and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
2004-11
Article
PeerReviewed
Warren, E., Weatherley-Jones, E., Chilcott, J. et al. (1 more author) (2004) Systematic review and economic evaluation of a long-acting insulin analogue, insulin glargine. Health Technology Assessment, 8 (45). pp. 1-72. ISSN 1366-5278
http://www.hta.ac.uk/execsumm/summ845.shtml
doi:10.3310/hta8450
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:312
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/312/
Response to requests for general practice out of hours: geographical analysis in north west England
Munro, J.F.
Maheswaran, R.
Pearson, T.
The organisation of out of hours general practice (GP) in
the UK has changed rapidly in recent years as practice
based rotas and deputising services have given way to GP
cooperatives in many areas. At the same time, the proportion
of patients contacting an out of hours service who receive
telephone advice only, rather than a face to face consultation,
has risen substantially, although patients continue to express
strong preferences for personal contact with a doctor out of
hours. We examined the effect of the distance of the patient
from the primary care centre on the doctor’s decision to see
the patient face to face.
2003-09
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/312/1/munrojf1.pdf
Munro, J.F., Maheswaran, R. and Pearson, T. (2003) Response to requests for general practice out of hours: geographical analysis in north west England. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57 (9). pp. 673-674. ISSN 1470-2738
http://jech.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/57/9/673
doi:10.1136/jech.57.9.673
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:315
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/315/
NHS Direct: consistency of triage outcomes
O'Cathain, A.
Webber, E.
Nicholl, J.
Munro, J.F.
Knowles, E.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the consistency of triage outcomes by nurses using four types of computerised
decision support software in NHS Direct.
METHODS: 119 scenarios were constructed based on calls to ambulance services that had been
assigned the lowest priority category by the emergency medical dispatch systems in use. These
scenarios were presented to nurses working in four NHS Direct call centres using different computerised
decision support software, including the NHS Clinical Assessment System.
RESULTS: The overall level of agreement between the nurses using the four systems was “fair” rather than
“moderate” or “good” (k=0.375, 95% CI: 0.34 to 0.41). For example, the proportion of calls triaged
to accident and emergency departments varied from 22% (26 of 119) to 44% (53 of 119). Between
21% (25 of 119) and 31% (37 of 119) of these low priority ambulance calls were triaged back to the
999 ambulance service. No system had both high sensitivity and specificity for referral to accident and
emergency services.
CONCLUSIONS: There were large differences in outcome between nurses using different software systems
to triage the same calls. If the variation is primarily attributable to the software then standardising on a
single system will obviously eliminate this. As the calls were originally made to ambulance services and
given the lowest priority, this study also suggests that if, in the future, ambulance services pass such
calls to NHS Direct then at least a fifth of these may be passed back unless greater sensitivity in the
selection of calls can be achieved.
2003-05-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/315/1/munrojf2.pdf
O'Cathain, A., Webber, E., Nicholl, J. et al. (2 more authors) (2003) NHS Direct: consistency of triage outcomes. Emergency Medicine Journal, 20 (3). pp. 289-292. ISSN 1472-0213
http://emj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/20/3/289
doi:10.1136/emj.20.3.289
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:316
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/316/
Impact of NHS Direct on other services: the characteristics and origins of its nurses
Morrell, C.J.
Munro, J.F.
O'Cathain, A.
Warren, K.
Nicholl, J.
OBJECTIVE:: To characterise the NHS Direct nurse workforce and estimate the impact of NHS Direct on the staffing of other NHS nursing specialties.
METHOD: A postal survey of NHS Direct nurses in all 17 NHS Direct call centres operating in June 2000.
RESULTS: The response rate was 74% (682 of 920). In the three months immediately before joining NHS Direct, 20% (134 of 682, 95% confidence intervals 17% to 23%) of respondents had not been working in the NHS. Of the 540 who came from NHS nursing posts, one fifth had come from an accident and emergency department or minor injury unit (110 of 540), and one in seven from practice nursing (75 of 540). One in ten (65 of 681) nurses said that previous illness, injury, or disability had been an important reason for deciding to join NHS Direct. Sixty two per cent (404 of 649) of nurses felt their job satisfaction and work environment had improved since joining NHS Direct.
CONCLUSION: The NHS Direct nurse workforce currently constitutes a small proportion (about 0.5%) of all qualified nurses in the NHS, although it recruits relatively experienced and well qualified nurses more heavily from some specialties, such as accident and emergency nursing, than others. However, its overall impact on staffing in any one specialty is likely to be small. NHS Direct has succeeded in providing employment for some nurses who might otherwise be unable to continue in nursing because of disability.
2002-07-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/316/1/munrojf3.pdf
Morrell, C.J., Munro, J.F., O'Cathain, A. et al. (2 more authors) (2002) Impact of NHS Direct on other services: the characteristics and origins of its nurses. Emergency Medicine Journal, 19 (4). pp. 337-340. ISSN 1472-0213
http://emj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/19/4/337
doi:10.1136/emj.19.4.337
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:319
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General practitioners' reasons for removing patients from their lists: postal survey in England and Wales
Pickin, M.
Sampson, F.
Munro, J.F.
Nicholl, J.
The removal of patients from doctors' lists causes con
siderable public and political concern, with speculation
that patients are removed for inappropriate, including
financial, reasons. In 1999 the House of Commons
Select Committee on Public Administration noted that
little evidence was available on either the frequency of,
or the reasons for, removal of patients. National statistics do not distinguish between patients removed after
moving out of a practice area and those removed for
other reasons. Two postal surveys have reported why
general practitioners might, in general, remove
patients, and one small study has described the
reasons doctors give for particular removals. We
therefore determined the current scale of, and doctors'
reasons for, removal of patients from their lists in Eng
land and Wales.
2001-05-12
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/319/1/munrojf4.pdf
Pickin, M., Sampson, F., Munro, J.F. et al. (1 more author) (2001) General practitioners' reasons for removing patients from their lists: postal survey in England and Wales. BMJ, 322 (7295). pp. 1158-1159. ISSN 0959-8138
http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7295/1158
doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7295.1158
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:321
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Impact of NHS Direct on demand for immediate care: observational study
Munro, J.F.
Nicholl, J.
O'Cathain, A.
Knowles, E.
OBJECTIVES: To quantify the impact of NHS Direct on
the use of accident and emergency, ambulance, and
general practitioner cooperative services.
DESIGN: Observational study of trends in use of NHS
Direct and other immediate care services over 24
months spanning introduction of NHS Direct.
Setting Three areas in England in first wave of
introduction of NHS Direct, and six nearby general
practitioner cooperatives as controls.
SUBJECTS: All contacts with these immediate care
services.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in trends in use
after introduction of NHS Direct.
Results NHS Direct received about 68 500 calls from
a population of 1.3 million in its first year of
operation, of which 72% were out of hours and 22%
about a child aged under 5 years. Changes in trends
in use of accident and emergency departments and
ambulance services after introduction of NHS Direct
were small and nonsignificant. Changes in trends in
use of general practitioner cooperatives were also
small but significant, from an increase of 2.0% a
month before introduction of NHS Direct to - 0.8%
afterwards (relative change - 2.9% (95% confidence
interval - 4.2% to - 1.5%)). This reduction in trend
was significant both for calls handled by telephone
advice alone and for those resulting in direct contact
with a doctor. In contrast, the six control cooperatives
showed no evidence of change in trend; an increase of
0.8% a month before NHS Direct and 0.9% after
(relative change 0.1% ( - 0.9% to 1.1%)).
CONCLUSION: In its first year NHS Direct did not reduce
the pressure on NHS immediate care services,
although it may have restrained increasing demand
on one important part—general practitioners' out of
hours services.
2000-07-15
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/321/1/munrojf5.pdf
Munro, J.F., Nicholl, J., O'Cathain, A. et al. (1 more author) (2000) Impact of NHS Direct on demand for immediate care: observational study. BMJ, 321 (7254). pp. 150-155. ISSN 0959-8138
http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7254/150
doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.150
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:322
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How helpful is NHS Direct? Postal survey of callers
O'Cathain, A.
Munro, J.F.
Nicholl, J.P.
Knowles, E.
NHS Direct, the new 24 hour telephone advice line
staffed by nurses, was established to “provide easier
and faster information for people about health, illness
and the NHS so that they are better able to care for
themselves and their families.” In March 1998, three
first wave sites started in Lancashire, Milton Keynes,
and Northumbria. As part of an extensive evaluation of
this new service, we surveyed callers to determine how
helpful they found the advice offered.
2000-04-15
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/322/1/munrojf6.pdf
O'Cathain, A., Munro, J.F., Nicholl, J.P. et al. (1 more author) (2000) How helpful is NHS Direct? Postal survey of callers. BMJ, 320 (7241). p. 1035. ISSN 0959-8138
http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7241/1035
doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7241.1035
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:337
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/337/
Agrammatic but numerate
Varley, R.A.
Klessinger, N.J.C.
Romanowski, C.A.J.
Siegal, M.
A central question in cognitive neuroscience concerns the extent to
which language enables other higher cognitive functions. In the
case of mathematics, the resources of the language faculty, both
lexical and syntactic, have been claimed to be important for exact
calculation, and some functional brain imaging studies have shown
that calculation is associated with activation of a network of
left-hemisphere language regions, such as the angular gyrus and
the banks of the intraparietal sulcus. We investigate the integrity
of mathematical calculations in three men with large left-hemisphere
perisylvian lesions. Despite severe grammatical impairment
and some difficulty in processing phonological and orthographic
number words, all basic computational procedures were intact
across patients. All three patients solved mathematical problems
involving recursiveness and structure-dependent operations (for
example, in generating solutions to bracket equations). To our
knowledge, these results demonstrate for the first time the remarkable
independence of mathematical calculations from language
grammar in the mature cognitive system.
2005-03-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/337/1/varleyra1.pdf
Varley, R.A., Klessinger, N.J.C., Romanowski, C.A.J. et al. (1 more author) (2005) Agrammatic but numerate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102 (9). pp. 3519-3524. ISSN 1091-6490
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/102/9/3519
doi:10.1073/pnas.0407470102
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:348
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/348/
Parentage assignment and extra-group paternity in a cooperative breeder: the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis)
Richardson, D.S.
Jury, F.L.
Blaakmeer, K.
Komdeur, J.
Burke, T.
We describe the development and initial application of a semiautomated parentage testing
system in the Seychelles warbler (
Acrocephalus sechellensis
). This system used fluorescently
labelled primers for 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in two multiplex loading
groups to genotype efficiently over 96% of the warbler population on Cousin island. When
used in conjunction with the program
cervus
, this system provided sufficient power to
assign maternity and paternity within the Seychelles warbler, despite the complications
associated with its cooperative breeding system and a relatively low level of genetic variation.
Parentage analyses showed that subordinate ‘helper’ females as well as the dominant ‘primary’ females laid eggs in communal nests, indicating that the Seychelles warbler has an intermediate level of female reproductive skew, in between the alternative extremes of helper-at-the-nest and joint nesting systems. Forty-four per cent of helpers bred successfully,accounting for 15% of all offspring. Forty per cent of young resulted from extra-group paternity.
2001-09
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/348/1/burket2.pdf
Richardson, D.S., Jury, F.L., Blaakmeer, K. et al. (2 more authors) (2001) Parentage assignment and extra-group paternity in a cooperative breeder: the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). Molecular Ecology, 10 (9). pp. 2263-2273. ISSN 0962-1083
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01355.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:349
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/349/
The annual number of breeding adults and the effective population size of syntopic newts (Triturus cristatus, T-marmoratus)
Jehle, R.
Arntzen, W.
Burke, T.
Krupa, A.P.
Hodl, W.
Pond-breeding amphibians are deme-structured organisms with a population genetic structure particularly susceptible to demographic threats. We estimated the effective number of breeding adults (N-b) and the effective population size (N-e) of the European urodele amphibians Triturus cristatus (the crested newt) and T. marmoratus (the marbled newt), using temporal shifts in microsatellite allele frequencies. Eight microsatellite loci isolated from a T. cristatus library were used, five of which proved polymorphic in T. marmoratus, albeit with high frequencies of null alleles at two loci. Three ponds in western France were sampled, situated 4-10 kilometres apart and inhabited by both species. Parent-offspring cohort comparisons were used to measure N-b; samples collected at time intervals of nine or 12 years, respectively, were used to measure N-e. The adult population census size (N) was determined by mark-recapture techniques. With one exception, genetic distances (F-ST) between temporal samples were lower than among populations. N-b ranged between 10.6 and 101.8 individuals, N-e ranged between 9.6 and 13.4 individuals. For the pond where both parameters were available, N-b/N (overall range: 0.10-0.19) was marginally larger than N-e/N (overall range: 0.09-0.16), which is reflected in the temporal stability of N. In line with the observed differences in reproductive life-histories between the species, N-b/N ratios for newts were about one order of magnitude higher than for the anuran amphibian Bufo bufo. Despite of the colonization of the study area by T. cristatus only some decades ago, no significant genetic bottleneck could be detected. Our findings give rise to concerns about the long-term demographic viability of amphibian populations in situations typical for European landscapes.
2001-04
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/349/1/burket3.pdf
Jehle, R., Arntzen, W., Burke, T. et al. (2 more authors) (2001) The annual number of breeding adults and the effective population size of syntopic newts (Triturus cristatus, T-marmoratus). Molecular Ecology, 10 (4). pp. 839-850. ISSN 0962-1083
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01237.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:350
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/350/
Anarchy in the UK: Detailed genetic analysis of worker reproduction in a naturally occurring British anarchistic honeybee, Apis mellifera, colony using DNA microsatellites
Chaline, N.
Ratnieks, F.L.W.
Burke, T.
Anarchistic behaviour is a very rare phenotype of honeybee colonies. In an anarchistic colony,
many workers’ sons are reared in the presence of the queen. Anarchy has previously
been described in only two Australian colonies. Here we report on a first detailed genetic
analysis of a British anarchistic colony. Male pupae were present in great abundance above
the queen excluder, which was clearly indicative of extensive worker reproduction and is the
hallmark of anarchy. Seventeen microsatellite loci were used to analyse these male pupae,
allowing us to address whether all the males were indeed workers’ sons, and how many
worker patrilines and individual workers produced them. In the sample, 95 of 96 of the
males were definitely workers’ sons. Given that
≈
1% of workers’ sons were genetically
indistinguishable from queen’s sons, this suggests that workers do not move any
queen-laid eggs between the part of the colony where the queen is present to the area above
the queen excluder which the queen cannot enter. The colony had 16 patrilines, with an
effective number of patrilines of 9.85. The 75 males that could be assigned with certainty to
a patriline came from 7 patrilines, with an effective number of 4.21. They were the offspring of at least 19 workers. This is in contrast to the two previously studied Australian naturally occurring anarchist colonies, in which most of the workers’ sons were offspring of one patriline. The high number of patrilines producing males leads to a low mean relatedness between laying workers and males of the colony. We discuss the importance of studying such colonies in the understanding of worker policing and its evolution.
2002-09
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/350/1/burket5.pdf
Chaline, N., Ratnieks, F.L.W. and Burke, T. (2002) Anarchy in the UK: Detailed genetic analysis of worker reproduction in a naturally occurring British anarchistic honeybee, Apis mellifera, colony using DNA microsatellites. Molecular Ecology, 11 (9). pp. 1795-1803. ISSN 0962-1083
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01569.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:351
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/351/
Reliable microsatellite genotyping of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) using faecal DNA
Frantz, A.C.
Pope, L.C.
Carpenter, P.J.
Roper, T.J.
Wilson, G.J.
Delahay, R.J.
Burke, T.
The potential link between badgers and bovine tuberculosis has made it vital to develop
accurate techniques to census badgers. Here we investigate the potential of using genetic
profiles obtained from faecal DNA as a basis for population size estimation. After trialling
several methods we obtained a high amplification success rate (89%) by storing faeces in
70% ethanol and using the guanidine thiocyanate/silica method for extraction. Using 70%
ethanol as a storage agent had the advantage of it being an antiseptic. In order to obtain reliable
genotypes with fewer amplification reactions than the standard multiple-tubes
approach, we devised a comparative approach in which genetic profiles were compared
and replication directed at similar, but not identical, genotypes. This modified method
achieved a reduction in polymerase chain reactions comparable with the maximumlikelihood
model when just using reliability criteria, and was slightly better when using
reliability criteria with the additional proviso that alleles must be observed twice to be considered
reliable. Our comparative approach would be best suited for studies that include
multiple faeces from each individual. We utilized our approach in a well-studied population
of badgers from which individuals had been sampled and reliable genotypes obtained.
In a study of 53 faeces sampled from three social groups over 10 days, we found that direct
enumeration could not be used to estimate population size, but that the application of
mark–recapture models has the potential to provide more accurate results.
2003-06
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/351/1/burket14.pdf
Frantz, A.C., Pope, L.C., Carpenter, P.J. et al. (4 more authors) (2003) Reliable microsatellite genotyping of the Eurasian badger (Meles meles) using faecal DNA. Molecular Ecology, 12 (6). pp. 1649-1661. ISSN 0962-1083
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01848.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:352
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/352/
Confirmation of low genetic diversity and multiple breeding females in a social group of Eurasian badgers from microsatellite and field data
Domingo-Roura, X.
Macdonald, D.W.
Roy, M.S.
Marmi, J.
Terradas, J.
Woodroffe, R.
Burke, T.
Wayne, R.K.
The Eurasian badger (
Meles meles
) is a facultatively social carnivore that shows only rudimentary
co-operative behaviour and a poorly defined social hierarchy. Behavioural evidence
and limited genetic data have suggested that more than one female may breed in a
social group. We combine pregnancy detection by ultrasound and microsatellite locus
scores from a well-studied badger population from Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, UK, to
demonstrate that multiple females reproduce within a social group. We found that at least
three of seven potential mothers reproduced in a group that contained 11 reproductive age
females and nine offspring. Twelve primers showed variability across the species range and only five of these were variable in Wytham. The microsatellites showed a reduced repeat number, a significantly higher number of nonperfect repeats, and moderate heterozygosity
levels in Wytham. The high frequency of imperfect repeats and demographic phenomena might be responsible for the reduced levels of variability observed in the badger.
2003-02
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/352/1/burket15.pdf
Domingo-Roura, X., Macdonald, D.W., Roy, M.S. et al. (5 more authors) (2003) Confirmation of low genetic diversity and multiple breeding females in a social group of Eurasian badgers from microsatellite and field data. Molecular Ecology, 12 (2). pp. 533-539. ISSN 0962-1083
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01707.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:353
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/353/
Measuring vertebrate telomeres: applications and limitations
Nakagawa, S.
Gemmell, N.J.
Burke, T.
Telomeres are short tandem repeated sequences of DNA found at the ends of eukaryotic
chromosomes that function in stabilizing chromosomal end integrity.
In vivo
studies of
somatic tissue of mammals and birds have shown a correlation between telomere length and
organismal age within species, and correlations between telomere shortening rate and
lifespan among species. This result presents the tantalizing possibility that telomere length
could be used to provide much needed information on age, ageing and survival in natural
populations where longitudinal studies are lacking. Here we review methods available for
measuring telomere length and discuss the potential uses and limitations of telomeres as
age and ageing estimators in the fields of vertebrate ecology, evolution and conservation.
2004-09
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/353/1/burket16.pdf
Nakagawa, S., Gemmell, N.J. and Burke, T. (2004) Measuring vertebrate telomeres: applications and limitations. Molecular Ecology, 13 (9). pp. 2523-2533. ISSN 0962-1083
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02291.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:354
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https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/354/
Mating system of the Eurasian badger, Meles meles, in a high density population
Carpenter, P.J.
Pope, L.C.
Greig, C.
Dawson, D.A.
Rogers, L.M.
Erven, K.
Wilson, G.J.
Delahay, R.J.
Cheeseman, C.L.
Burke, T.
Badgers are facultatively social, forming large groups at high density. Group-living appears
to have high reproductive costs for females, and may lead to increased levels of inbreeding.
The extent of female competition for reproduction has been estimated from field data, but
knowledge of male reproductive success and the extent of extra-group paternity remains
limited. Combining field data with genetic data (16 microsatellite loci), we studied the mating
system of 10 badger social groups across 14 years in a high-density population. From 923
badgers, including 425 cubs, we were able to assign maternity to 307 cubs, with both parents
assigned to 199 cubs (47%) with 80% confidence, and 14% with 95% confidence. Age had a
significant effect on the probability of reproduction, seemingly as a result of a deficit of
individuals aged two years and greater than eight years attaining parentage. We estimate
that approximately 30% of the female population successfully reproduced in any given
year, with a similar proportion of the male population gaining paternity across the same
area. While it was known there was a cost to female reproduction in high density populations,
it appears that males suffer similar, but not greater, costs. Roughly half of assigned paternity
was attributed to extra-group males, the majority of which were from neighbouring social
groups. Few successful matings occurred between individuals born in the same social group
(22%). The high rate of extra-group mating, previously unquantified, may help reduce inbreeding,
potentially making philopatry a less costly strategy.
2005-01
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/354/1/burket17.pdf
Carpenter, P.J., Pope, L.C., Greig, C. et al. (7 more authors) (2005) Mating system of the Eurasian badger, Meles meles, in a high density population. Molecular Ecology, 14 (1). pp. 273-284. ISSN 0962-1083
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02401.x
oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:356
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Evaluation of NHS Direct ‘‘referral’’ to community
pharmacists
Munro, J.F.
O'Cathain, A.
Knowles, E.
Nicholl, J.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a pilot scheme of referrals from a nurse-led telephone helpline (NHS
Direct) to community pharmacists.
METHODS: A multi-method approach, including analysis of routine data from NHS Direct, postal
surveys of NHS Direct callers, analysis of anonymised transcripts of calls, a postal survey of callers
referred to pharmacists, and face-to-face interviews with NHS Direct nurses.
SETTING: Essex, Barking and Havering.
KEY FINDINGS: During the first three months of the pilot scheme, 6% (1,995/31,674) of NHS Direct
calls triaged by nurses were logged as referred to pharmacists. This built on an existing foundation of
informal referral to pharmacists of 4%. There was no measurable change in callers’ views of the
helpfulness of advice, enablement, or caller satisfaction associated with the scheme. Conditions sent
to pharmacists included skin rash, cough, sore throat, stomach pain, and vomiting and/or diarrhoea.
86% (54/63) of callers referred to pharmacists during the scheme felt the referral was very or quite
appropriate and 75% (48/64) attempted to contact a pharmacist. In general, those who did so found
the experience a positive one: 65% (31/48) spoke to the pharmacist, and 80% (28/35) of people
expressing an opinion were satisfied with the advice offered, but the lack of privacy in the pharmacy
was of some concern. Although routine data indicated high usage of the scheme, nurse referral of
callers to pharmacists declined over time. Their initial enthusiasm diminished due to concerns about
the appropriateness of guidelines, their lack of understanding of the rationale behind some referrals,
and the lack of feedback about the appropriateness of their referrals.
CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the pilot scheme has generated a range of recommendations for
the wider national roll-out of the scheme, including revision of the guidelines and review of NHS
Direct nurse training for referral to pharmacy. NHS Direct and pharmacists should consider how to
strengthen the system of pharmacist feedback to NHS Direct.
2003-03
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/356/1/munrojf7.pdf
Munro, J.F., O'Cathain, A., Knowles, E. et al. (1 more author) (2003) Evaluation of NHS Direct ‘‘referral’’ to community pharmacists. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 11. pp. 1-9. ISSN 0961-7671
doi:10.1211/002235702801
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Activating Mutations in the Gene Encoding
the ATP-Sensitive Potassium-Channel Subunit
Kir6.2 and Permanent Neonatal Diabetes
Gloyn, A.L.
Pearson, E.R.
Antcliff, J.F.
Proks, P.
Bruining, G.J.
Slingerland, A.S.
Howard, N.
Srinivasan, S.
Silva, J.M.C.L.
Molnes, J.
Edghill, E.L.
Frayling, T.M.
Temple, K.
Mackay, D.
Shield, J.P.H.
Sumnik, Z.
van Rhijn, A.
Wales, J.K.H.
Clark, P.
Gorman, S.
Aisenberg, J.
Ellard, S.
Njolstad, P.R.
Ashcroft, F.M.
Hattersley, A.T.
Background Patients with permanent neonatal diabetes usually present within the first three months of life and require insulin treatment. In most, the cause is unknown. Because ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels mediate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells, we hypothesized that activating mutations in the gene encoding the Kir6.2 subunit of this channel (KCNJ11) cause neonatal diabetes.
Methods We sequenced the KCNJ11 gene in 29 patients with permanent neonatal diabetes. The insulin secretory response to intravenous glucagon, glucose, and the sulfonylurea tolbutamide was assessed in patients who had mutations in the gene.
Results Six novel, heterozygous missense mutations were identified in 10 of the 29 patients. In two patients the diabetes was familial, and in eight it arose from a spontaneous mutation. Their neonatal diabetes was characterized by ketoacidosis or marked hyperglycemia and was treated with insulin. Patients did not secrete insulin in response to glucose or glucagon but did secrete insulin in response to tolbutamide. Four of the patients also had severe developmental delay and muscle weakness; three of them also had epilepsy and mild dysmorphic features. When the most common mutation in Kir6.2 was coexpressed with sulfonylurea receptor 1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes, the ability of ATP to block mutant KATP channels was greatly reduced.
Conclusions Heterozygous activating mutations in the gene encoding Kir6.2 cause permanent neonatal diabetes and may also be associated with developmental delay, muscle weakness, and epilepsy. Identification of the genetic cause of permanent neonatal diabetes may facilitate the treatment of this disease with sulfonylureas.
2004-04-29
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/357/1/walesjkh3.pdf
Gloyn, A.L., Pearson, E.R., Antcliff, J.F. et al. (22 more authors) (2004) Activating Mutations in the Gene Encoding the ATP-Sensitive Potassium-Channel Subunit Kir6.2 and Permanent Neonatal Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (18). pp. 1838-1849. ISSN 1533-4406
http://content.nejm.org/
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A critique of avian CHD-based molecular sexing protocols illustrated by a Z-chromosome polymorphism detected in auklets
Dawson, D.A.
Darby, S.
Hunter, F.M.
Krupa, A.P.
Jones, I.L.
Burke, T.
The sexes of non-ratite birds can be determined routinely by PCR amplification of the CHD-Z and CHD-W genes.
CHD -based molecular sexing of four species of auklets revealed the presence of a polymorphism in the Z chromosome. No deviation from a 1:1 sex ratio was observed among the chicks, though the analyses were of limited power. Polymorphism in the CHD-Z
gene has not been reported previously in any bird, but if undetected it could lead to the incorrect assignment of sex. We discuss the potential difficulties caused by a
polymorphism such as that identified in auklets and the merits of alternative CHD -based sexing protocols and primers.
2001-09
Article
PeerReviewed
text
en
https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/364/1/burket1.pdf
Dawson, D.A., Darby, S., Hunter, F.M. et al. (3 more authors) (2001) A critique of avian CHD-based molecular sexing protocols illustrated by a Z-chromosome polymorphism detected in auklets. Molecular Ecology Notes, 1 (3). pp. 201-204. ISSN 1471-8278
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/
doi:10.1046/j.1471-8278.2001.00060.x
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