Markets, nature, neoliberalism and conservation through private protected areas in southern Chile.

A vibrant literature has emerged in recent years exploring moves towards neoliberal forms of conservation, with a reduced role for the state and an enhanced role for markets and private and civil society actors. Yet there is a need for studies which explore how and why this trend has emerged, and what impact this has on both people and nature. This paper is a detailed examination of private protected areas, which are often associated with neoliberal approaches to conservation, in Chile, a country which has had a long and deep engagement with neoliberalism. It finds that private protected areas demonstrate a broad range of attitudes towards the use of markets in conservation, from enthusiasm to hostility. Yet all have been made possible, indeed incentivised, by Chile’s liberalised property markets and individualistic political culture, products of earlier neoliberal reforms within Chile’s society and economy. As such, they provide only a limited challenge to the social and environmental consequence of the integration of southern Chile’s natural resources into global neoliberal economic chains. It emphasises the importance of considering how broader neoliberal economic, political and social reforms have allowed certain forms of conservation to emerge and thrive.