Methodologies and developments in the analysis of REEs

The determination of concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) continues to be important today in metallurgical, biological, medical, and environmental fields. At a time when the greatest advances in analytical methods are available, REEs’ researchers and industries are looking for methods that will enable them to obtain reliable results in acceptable time frames and at low cost, which is challenging for some type of samples. Here different techniques used in samples of different origins and in different states are compared. The methods described here include gravimetric, complexometric, spectrophotometric, and X-ray analysis methods.