p-Type/n-type behaviour and functional properties of KxNa(1-x)NbO3 (0.49 ≤ x ≤ 0.51) sintered in air and N2

Potassium sodium niobate (KNN) is a potential candidate to replace lead zirconate titanate in sensor and actuator applications but there are many fundamental science and materials processing issues to be understood before it can be used commercially, including the influence of composition and processing atmosphere on the conduction mechanisms and functional properties. Consequently, KNN pellets with different K/Na ratios were sintered to 95% relative density in air and N 2 using a conventional mixed oxide route. Oxygen vacancies (V O •• ) played a major role in the semi-conduction mechanism in low p(O 2 ) for all compositions. Impedance spectroscopy and thermo-power data confirmed KNN to be n-type in low p(O 2 ) in contradiction to previous reports of p-type behaviour. The best piezoelectric properties were observed for air- rather than N 2 -sintered samples with d 33 = 125 pC/N and k p = 0.38 obtained for K 0.51 Na 0.49 NbO 3 .