Internet Archaeol. 42. Croft et al. List of Figures

List of Figures

Figure 1: Locations of burial units 1 and 2 at Star Carr and unit 3 at Manor Farm in Yorkshire, UK. © Crown Copyright and Database Right April 2016. Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence)

Figure 2: Flakes drying on cling film after use on plant tissues, animal tissues, and ochre

Figure 3: Dry land unit 1 prior to burial of experimentally used flakes

Figure 4: Placing experimentally used flakes in the wetland pit (unit 2)

Figure 5: Star Carr units 1 and 2 average monthly temperature and precipitation

Figure 6: Manor Farm unit 3 average monthly temperature and precipitation

Figure 7: Labels and experimentally used flakes recovered after 11 months, dry land unit 1

Figure 8: Flake and soil levered directly into bag at recovery without contact with hands

Figure 9: Example of a pink thread contaminant on top of a soil sample, probably from clothing. Soil sample taken underneath the blank control from the 1 month alkaline unit 3

Figure 10: Starch granules located underneath a mounted soil sample, originating from double-sided tape

Figure 11: Examination of in situ lithic residues with reflected VLM microscope

Figure 12: Variable pressure SEM used to examine reference collection residues

Figure 13: A) In situ potential starch granules were located on the flake buried for 1 month in the dry land unit 1. A network of hyphae appear to be surrounding and digesting the starch granules. B) Granules were extracted and viewed with transmitted brightfield VLM and cross polarised light (darker image), with granules displaying extinction crosses with arms that rotated. Scale bar = 50 microns

Figure 14: A) Potential starch granules were located on the flake buried for 1 month in the wetland unit 2. Arrows note the growth of clear lath crystals during burial. B) Granules were extracted and viewed with transmitted brightfield VLM and cross polarised light (darker image), with granules displaying extinction crosses with arms that rotated. Scale bar = 50 microns

Figure 15: Non-residue within blank control – irregular white to brown angular crystal inclusions in flint

Figure 16: Non-residue within blank control – rectangular linearly arranged crystals in flint

Figure 17: Crystal formation in the soil in unit 2 wetland at Star Carr, after all experimentally used flakes were removed after 11 months. Fine crystals were also found on the blank flake and all residue-containing flakes from this unit

Figure 18: Blank control flake buried in the wetland exhibiting some authigenic crystal growth after 1 month

Figure 19: Flake with fish-scale residues, after burial for 11 months in the wetland unit. Note white powdery crystal formation around and underneath scales

Figure 20: Micrograph showing crystal formations under fish scale after burial for 11 months in wetland unit 2

Figure 21: Blank flint buried in alkaline unit 3 for 1 month showing green growth on surface, possibly lichen

Figure 22: Cycloid scale from a tench (Tinca tinca) present on flint used to descale the fish, reference collection. Note radii grooves radiating out from central focus, and concentric circuli

Figure 23: Feather barbules with visible nodes and internodes. Bird residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 24: Feather barbules with prongs. Bird residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 25: Feather barbules with prongs. Bird residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 26: Squirrel residues on flint, reference collection. Hairs with central medulla (light) containing air spaces (dark) visible. The medulla pattern is a uniserial ladder, which identifies it as rodent hair (Ludwig and Bryce 1996, 158).

Figure 27: Hairs with scale patterns visible. Squirrel residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 28: Hairs with scale patterns. Squirrel residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 29: Plant cell walls. Reed residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 30: Rectangular plant cell walls and long crystals appearing light within the tissue (bottom of image). Reed residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 31: Potato residues, presumably starch granules, in situ on flint, reference collection. Composite image taken with cross polarised reflected light, note partial presentation of extinction crosses

Figure 32: Starch granules. Potato residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 33: Softwood residues on flint, reference collection. Note bordered pits within the tracheids in a linear arrangement (uniseriate)

Figure 34: Pits with borders in a single uniseriate arrangement on a wood cell, probably a tracheid. Softwood residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 35: Closely packed alternate intervessel pits on a vessel element. Hardwood residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 36: Alternate intervessel pits on a vessel element. Hardwood residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 37: Hardwood residues on flint, reference collection. Crystals in a row (appearing light) (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 38: Red ochre on flint, reference collection

Figure 39: Red ochre (dark areas) on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 40: Muscle residues on flint, reference collection. Note myofibres and banding (cross striations), produced by the arrangement of myofilaments in sarcomere units

Figure 41: Muscle residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 42: Suspected muscle tissue sheet residue on flint after burial in the wetland for 1 month. Note loss of colour, presence of holes, and lack of banding patterns

Figure 43: Angular bone flake residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 44: Bone residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 45: Angular antler flake residues on flint, reference collection

Figure 46: Antler residues on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 47: Dry squirrel blood film encrustation and hair viewed in situ on flint from the reference collection. The whole animal was previously frozen. Note that the general mud-cracked appearance of the blood film is maintained

Figure 48: Squirrel blood film and two hairs on flint from the reference collection. The whole animal was previously frozen, which probably explains the lack of recognisable RBCs within the mud-cracked blood film. Hairs show coronal scales which encircle the shaft diameter, a feature common to rodents and bats. Distal ends of the hairs towards the top of image (SEM-BSE image)

Figure 49: Squirrel blood film on flint from the reference collection. Note amorphous ruptured RBC membranes (SEM-BSE)

Figure 50: Suspected fat and/or muscle residue from a flake used to cut into bird tissues, reference collection. Note individual adipocytes are not recognisable

Figure 51: Dried natural conifer pine resin on flint from the reference collection, exhibiting rough texture and a brown to amber colour, but no diagnostic characteristics

Figure 52: Rough and amorphous texture of natural pine resin. Resin on flint, reference collection (SEM-BSE)

Except where otherwise noted, content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY) Unported licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that attribution to the author(s), the title of the work, the Internet Archaeology journal and the relevant URL/DOI is given.

University of York legal statements